30 Questions
What is the complete set of genetic material present in an organism?
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Which organisms lack a true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles?
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What is the thermodynamic parameter that measures the degree of disorder or randomness in a system?
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What are molecules with the same molecular formula and connectivity of atoms but differ in their spatial arrangement?
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Which organisms have cells with a true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles?
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What is a dynamic network of protein filaments within the cell that provides structural support, facilitates cell movement, and is involved in intracellular transport?
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Which chromatography technique separates molecules based on their isoelectric points?
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What is the main purpose of using sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) in SDS-PAGE?
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Which chromatography technique exploits specific biomolecule-ligand interactions for separation?
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What does specific activity measure?
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What does mass spectrometry provide information about?
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What is the main purpose of electrophoresis in protein biochemistry?
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What does the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation relate?
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What refers to the amino acid unit within a polypeptide chain after peptide bond formation?
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What do enantiomers refer to?
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What is the basis of proteins?
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What is the technique for separating and purifying components of a mixture?
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What does absorbance measure?
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Which type of protein lacks a stable three-dimensional structure under physiological conditions?
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What is the function of chaperones in relation to proteins?
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What technique is used for determining the atomic structure of a crystal by analyzing X-ray diffraction patterns?
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What are motifs in proteins often associated with?
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Which protein provides strength and structure to hair, nails, and the outer layer of skin?
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What is the function of collagen in connective tissues?
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What does the standard free-energy change, $\Delta G^\circ$, predict about a reaction under standard conditions?
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What type of reactions release energy into the surroundings and have products with lower free energy than reactants?
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What does the equilibrium constant, $K_{eq}$, express for a given chemical reaction?
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What is the total heat content of a system at constant pressure, including internal energy and the product of pressure and volume?
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What type of molecules have both hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions, allowing them to interact with water and nonpolar substances?
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What is the energy barrier that must be overcome for a chemical reaction to occur?
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Study Notes
Chemical Reactions and Biological Systems
- Enthalpy, H, represents the total heat content of a system at constant pressure, including internal energy and the product of pressure and volume.
- Free-energy change, .G, determines the spontaneity of a chemical reaction, with negative .G indicating a spontaneous process.
- Endergonic reactions absorb energy from surroundings and have products with higher free energy than reactants.
- Exergonic reactions release energy into surroundings and have products with lower free energy than reactants.
- Equilibrium in a chemical reaction occurs when the rates of the forward and reverse reactions are equal, resulting in stable concentrations of reactants and products.
- Standard free-energy change, .G°, is used to predict the spontaneity of a reaction under standard conditions.
- Activation energy, .G*, is the energy barrier that must be overcome for a chemical reaction to occur.
- Metabolism encompasses catabolic pathways that break down complex molecules, releasing energy, and anabolic pathways that synthesize complex molecules, requiring energy input.
- Systems biology studies biological systems as integrated networks of genes and proteins, including housekeeping genes that maintain basic cellular functions.
- Amphipathic molecules have both hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions, allowing them to interact with water and nonpolar substances.
- Osmosis is the movement of solvent molecules across a selectively permeable membrane from an area of lower solute concentration to an area of higher solute concentration.
- The equilibrium constant, Keq, expresses the ratio of product concentrations to reactant concentrations at equilibrium for a given chemical reaction.
Test your knowledge of chemical reactions and their role in biological systems with this quiz. Explore concepts such as enthalpy, free-energy change, endergonic and exergonic reactions, equilibrium, metabolism, systems biology, amphipathic molecules, osmosis, and the equilibrium constant.
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