Questions and Answers
Atoms are the smallest units of matter with their own ______ characteristics.
chemical
Atoms are divided into 2 basic regions: the central nucleus and the ______ cloud.
electron
Protons have a ______ charge and are located in the central nucleus.
positive
Neutrons are ______ charged particles found in the central nucleus.
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The number of protons in an atom defines its atomic ______.
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Electrons are ______ charged and have a very small mass.
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The central nucleus of an atom contains both protons and ______.
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All basic physiological processes of life take place at the ______ level.
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Electrons contain a ______ charge.
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An element's mass number is found by adding protons and ______ together.
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Atoms with an unequal number of protons and electrons are called ______.
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The rate at which radiation decreases for a specific isotope is known as its ______.
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Electrons orbit around the nucleus in patterns called ______.
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The outermost energy level of an atom determines its ______ properties.
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Each energy level can hold a specific number of ______.
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A mole is defined as the quantity of an element with a weight in grams equal to its atomic ______.
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A double covalent bond shares ______ electron pairs.
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Molecules that share electrons equally are known as ______ covalent bonds.
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Water (H2O) is an example of a ______ molecule due to its uneven electron sharing.
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Hydrogen bonds are weak attractions between the positive side of one polar molecule and the ______ side of another.
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Chemical reactions that take place in an organism's cells are called its ______.
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The chemical energy in a molecular bond is a form of ______ energy.
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Energy cannot be created or destroyed; it can only be changed from one form to another, according to the law of ______.
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Hydrogen bonds between water molecules contribute to ______ tension.
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Decomposition reactions break larger molecules into smaller ______.
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Hydrolysis is a decomposition reaction that involves adding components of ______ molecules.
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Catabolism is the work done by cells using kinetic energy from ______ reactions.
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Synthesis reactions require ______ to form larger molecules.
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Dehydration synthesis removes the water components from the ends of molecular ______.
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Exchange reactions involve paired decomposition and ______ reactions.
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Enzymes reduce the ______ energy needed to get a reaction started.
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Nutrients and metabolites are classified as organic compounds based on carbon and ______ atoms.
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Water makes up ______ of our body weight.
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Water is called the universal ______ because of its ability to form solutions.
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The ability of water to absorb and retain heat is referred to as high ______ capacity.
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In our bodies, most reactions either involve water or occur in ______.
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Electrolytes are soluble inorganic ions that conduct ______ in solution.
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In water, ionic compounds such as sodium chloride disassociate into ______.
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Molecules that have polar covalent bonds and dissolve in water are called ______ molecules.
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Water’s ______ nature and hydrogen-bonding capabilities lead to its unique properties.
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Study Notes
Objectives of Chemical Organization
- Explain atomic structure and particle types.
- Differentiate how atoms combine into molecules and compounds.
- Identify major types of chemical reactions: decomposition, synthesis, exchange.
- Understand enzyme roles in metabolism.
- Distinguish between organic (containing carbon and hydrogen) and inorganic compounds.
- Define pH and the function of buffers in the body.
- Outline structures and functions of various organic and inorganic compounds.
Atoms, Molecules, and Bonds
- Physical matter comprises atoms which combine to form compounds.
- Atoms consist of a central nucleus (containing protons and neutrons) and an electron cloud (orbiting electrons).
- Protons have a positive charge, neutrons carry no charge, and electrons have a negative charge.
- Atoms are identified as elements, characterized by their atomic number (number of protons).
- An element's mass number is the sum of its protons and neutrons; isotopes differ by neutron count.
- Radioisotopes emit radiation and have a specific half-life defining their decay rate.
- Chemical properties of atoms are influenced by their electrical charge—ions result from unequal proton-electron ratios.
Energy Levels and Chemical Bonds
- Electrons occupy energy levels (shells); Level 1 holds 2 electrons, Levels 2 and 3 hold 8 each.
- Atoms strive to fill their outermost energy level, determining their chemical behaviors.
- Chemical bonds: double covalent bonds share two electron pairs; water is a polar molecule.
- Hydrogen bonds are weak interactions influencing larger molecule shapes like proteins and DNA.
- Water exhibits surface tension due to hydrogen bonding which repels small particles.
Chemical Reactions
- Reactants enter reactions; products are formed from these chemical interactions.
- Metabolism encompasses all reactions occurring within cells and tissues.
- Chemical energy in molecular bonds serves as potential energy, transforming forms during reactions, often releasing heat.
Types of Chemical Reactions
- Decomposition reactions break down larger molecules (e.g., hydrolysis in digestion).
- Synthesis reactions build larger molecules from smaller units (e.g., dehydration synthesis).
- Exchange reactions involve swapping components between reactants.
- Reversible reactions can transition between synthesis and decomposition.
Enzymes and Energy
- Enzymes lower activation energy needed for reactions.
- They act as catalysts, facilitating reactions without being consumed.
Inorganic Compounds
- Organic compounds primarily consist of carbon and hydrogen (e.g., carbohydrates, proteins).
- Inorganic compounds lack carbon-hydrogen frameworks (e.g., water, carbon dioxide).
Water and Its Properties
- Water constitutes 2/3 of body weight and is vital for chemical processes.
- Water solutions are formed by solutes dissolving in the solvent (water).
- High reactivity of water involves hydrolysis and condensation reactions.
- Water's high heat capacity enables temperature regulation.
- Provides lubrication due to low friction between its molecules.
- Water is the universal solvent; ionic compounds dissociate into ions when dissolved.
- Electrolytes (e.g., NaCl) are vital for body functions; imbalances can disrupt physiological processes.
- Hydrophilic (water-loving) organic molecules, like sugar, also dissolve in water.
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Description
This quiz covers the fundamental concepts of the chemical level of organization, focusing on atomic structure, chemical reactions, and the classification of organic and inorganic compounds. Additionally, it addresses the role of enzymes in metabolism and the importance of pH and buffers within biological systems. Test your understanding of how these concepts underpin the chemistry of life.
