General Chemistry 2 - First Semester (2nd Quarter)

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is true about the concentration of [A]₂ in experiment 3 compared to experiment 1?

  • The concentration of [A]₂ in experiment 3 is four times that in experiment 1. (correct)
  • The concentration of [A]₂ in experiment 3 is the same as that in experiment 1.
  • The concentration of [A]₂ in experiment 3 is half of that in experiment 1.
  • The concentration of [A]₂ in experiment 3 is one-third of that in experiment 1.

What is the value of x in the formula Rate = k [A]x[B]y?

  • 1
  • 3
  • 2 (correct)
  • 4

What is the value of y in the formula Rate = k [A]x[B]y?

  • 3
  • 2
  • 0
  • 1 (correct)

What is the value of k in the formula Rate = k [A]x[B]y?

<p>2.5x10⁶ M-²/min (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT an observable property that can be used to determine the rate of a reaction?

<p>Change in activation energy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about the initial rate of [A]₁ in experiment 3 compared to experiment 1?

<p>The initial rate of [A]₁ in experiment 3 is 4 times higher than in experiment 1. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about the concentration of [B]₃ in experiment 3 compared to experiment 1?

<p>The concentration of [B]₃ in experiment 3 is 3 times higher than in experiment 1. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the correct formula for the rate of reaction?

<p>Rate = k [A]²[B] (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about the activation energy?

<p>Activation energy is the energy required to activate a reaction. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT an example of an observable property that can be used to determine the rate of a reaction?

<p>Change in intensity of the color of the reactant (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about the initial rate of [A]₁ in experiment 3 compared to experiment 2?

<p>The initial rate of [A]₁ in experiment 3 is three times greater than in experiment 2. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about the initial rate of [B]₁ in experiment 3 compared to experiment 2?

<p>The initial rate of [B]₁ in experiment 3 is twice as great as in experiment 2. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the value of k in the formula Rate = k [A]x[B]y?

<p>$2.5x10^6$ M-²/min (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the value of x in the formula Rate = k [A]x[B]y?

<p>2 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the value of y in the formula Rate = k [A]x[B]y?

<p>1 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which equation can be used to calculate the change in entropy (ΔS) of a reaction?

<p>ΔS = Σ[n(ΔS)]products - Σ[n(ΔS)]reactants (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true about the sign of ΔS in a spontaneous process?

<p>ΔS is positive (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which equation can be used to calculate the change in Gibbs free energy (ΔG) of a reaction?

<p>ΔG = Σ(ΔG)products - Σ(ΔG)reactants (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the change in Gibbs free energy (ΔG) of the reaction CO(g) + H₂O(g) --> CO₂(g) + H₂(g) at 25°C?

<p>-28.6 kJ (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Is the reaction CO(g) + H₂O(g) --> CO₂(g) + H₂(g) spontaneous at 2000 K?

<p>No (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which equation can be used to calculate the change in entropy (ΔS) of a reaction?

<p>ΔS = Σ[n(ΔS)]products - Σ[n(ΔS)]reactants (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about the sign of ΔS in a spontaneous process?

<p>ΔS is positive (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the value of ΔG°reaction for the reaction CO(g) + H₂O(g) --> CO₂(g) + H₂(g)?

<p>-28.6 kJ (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the value of ΔH for the reaction CO(g) + H₂O(g) --> CO₂(g) + H₂(g)?

<p>-41.17 kJ (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Is the reaction CO(g) + H₂O(g) --> CO₂(g) + H₂(g) spontaneous at 2000 K?

<p>No (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which equation can be used to calculate the change in Gibbs free energy ((\Delta G)) of a reaction?

<p>(\Delta G = \Delta H - T\Delta S) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the value of (\Delta G^{\circ}_{\text{reaction}}) for the reaction CO(g) + H₂O(g) --> CO₂(g) + H₂(g)?

<p>-28.6 kJ (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT an observable property that can be used to determine the rate of a reaction?

<p>Volume (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about the sign of (\Delta S) in a spontaneous process?

<p>The sign of (\Delta S) depends on the specific process (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the value of (\Delta H) for the reaction CO(g) + H₂O(g) --> CO₂(g) + H₂(g)?

<p>-41.17 kJ (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about equilibrium?

<p>Equilibrium is the state where the concentration ratio of the products to the reactant is constant. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about dynamic equilibrium?

<p>Dynamic equilibrium exists if the opposing reactions occur continuously until an external force is applied to stop the reactions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about Le Chatelier’s principle?

<p>Le Chatelier’s principle states that when a chemical in equilibrium is disturbed, it reacts toward the direction of the reaction that will lead the system toward re-attainment of equilibrium. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about the equilibrium constant, K?

<p>The value of the equilibrium constant, K, indicates the extent to which a reaction proceeds completion. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about a system in equilibrium?

<p>For a system in equilibrium at any given temperature, the concentration ratio of products to reactants is constant. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about equilibrium?

<p>Equilibrium is the state where the concentration ratio of the products to the reactant is constant. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about dynamic equilibrium?

<p>Dynamic equilibrium exists if the opposing reactions occur continuously until an external force is applied to stop the reactions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about Le Chatelier’s principle?

<p>Le Chatelier’s principle states that when a chemical in equilibrium is disturbed, it reacts toward the direction of the reaction that will lead the system toward re-attainment of equilibrium. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about the value of the equilibrium constant, K?

<p>The value of the equilibrium constant, K, indicates the concentration ratio of the products to the reactants at equilibrium. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about a system in equilibrium?

<p>A system is in equilibrium when the rates of the forward and backward reactions are equal. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about the equilibrium constant, K?

<p>K is constant for a given reaction at a specific temperature (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about dynamic equilibrium?

<p>Dynamic equilibrium is the state where the concentration ratio of the products to the reactants is constant (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about Le Chatelier’s principle?

<p>Le Chatelier’s principle states that when a chemical in equilibrium is disturbed, it reacts toward the direction of the reaction that will lead the system toward re-attainment of equilibrium (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about a system in equilibrium?

<p>A system is in equilibrium when the rates of the forward and backward reactions are equal (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about the value of the equilibrium constant, K?

<p>The value of K is constant for a given reaction at a specific temperature (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about the strength of an acid and its conjugate base?

<p>The strength of an acid and its conjugate base are inversely proportional. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between Ka and Kb?

<p>Ka and Kb are inversely proportional. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the equation for the ionization of a weak monoprotic acid, HA?

<p>HA + H2O(l) -&gt; H3O+(aq) + A- (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the formula for calculating the value of Ka for a weak acid?

<p>Ka = [H3O+] / [HA] (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the formula for calculating the value of pKa for a weak acid?

<p>pKa = -log[Ka] (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about the ionization constant, Ka, for a weak acid?

<p>Ka is a measure of the strength of a weak acid (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about the ionization constant, Kb, for a weak base?

<p>Kb is a measure of the strength of a weak base (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about the relationship between Ka and Kb?

<p>Ka and Kb are inversely proportional (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about the pH scale?

<p>pH is the negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about buffers?

<p>Buffers can resist changes in pH (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about the strength of a weak acid and its conjugate base?

<p>The strength of a weak acid is less than its conjugate base. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the formula for calculating the value of Ka for a weak acid?

<p>Ka = [H₃O⁺][HA]/[A⁻] (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between Ka and Kb?

<p>Ka and Kb are inversely proportional. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about buffers?

<p>Buffers consist of an acid and a base that differ by the presence or absence of a proton. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the equation for the ionization of a weak monoprotic acid, HA?

<p>HA + H₂O(l) ⇌ H₃O⁺(aq) + A⁻ (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following ions is insoluble in water?

<p>Cu²⁺ (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the isoelectric point (pI)?

<p>The pH at which a molecule carries no net electric charge. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to a protein below its isoelectric point (pI)?

<p>It carries a net positive charge. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the technique called when proteins are separated based on their isoelectric point?

<p>Isoelectric focusing (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to a protein when it reaches its isoelectric point (pI) during isoelectric focusing?

<p>It carries no net electric charge and stops moving. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following ions is insoluble in water?

<p>Cu²⁺ (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the isoelectric point (pI)?

<p>The pH at which the net charge is neutral. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to a protein below its isoelectric point (pI)?

<p>It carries a net positive charge. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which equation can be used to calculate the change in Gibbs free energy ((\Delta G)) of a reaction?

<p>(\Delta G = \Delta H - T \Delta S) (B), (\Delta G = \Delta H - T \Delta S) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about buffers?

<p>Buffers resist changes in pH. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about the solubility of copper carbonate (CuCO₃)?

<p>Copper carbonate is insoluble in water. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following ions is soluble in water?

<p>Cl⁻ (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the isoelectric point (pI)?

<p>The pH at which a solute carries no net electric charge. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the technique called when proteins are separated based on their isoelectric point?

<p>Isoelectric focusing (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following ions are soluble carbonates?

<p>K⁺, Na⁺, NH₄⁺ (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following ions is insoluble in water?

<p>Cu²⁺ (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the isoelectric point (pI)?

<p>The pH at which the net charge of a molecule is neutral. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to a protein below its isoelectric point (pI)?

<p>It carries a net negative charge. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to a protein when it reaches its isoelectric point (pI) during isoelectric focusing?

<p>It becomes focused into sharp stationary bands. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following ions are soluble carbonates?

<p>Na⁺ (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following ions is insoluble in water?

<p>Cu²⁺ (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the technique called when proteins are separated based on their isoelectric point?

<p>Isoelectric focusing (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what pH does a protein carry no net electric charge?

<p>pH equal to the protein’s pI (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to a protein below its isoelectric point (pI)?

<p>It carries a net positive charge (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about the solubility of copper carbonate (CuCO₃)?

<p>It is insoluble in water (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following ions is soluble in water?

<p>Cl⁻ (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the technique called when proteins are separated based on their isoelectric point?

<p>Isoelectric focusing (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to a protein below its isoelectric point (pI)?

<p>It carries a net negative charge (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about the solubility of copper carbonate (CuCO₃)?

<p>It precipitates out of the solution (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the isoelectric point (pI)?

<p>The pH at which a molecule carries no net electric charge (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following ions is soluble in water according to the text?

<p>Cl⁻ (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the balanced chemical equation for the reaction between Cu²⁺, CO₃²⁻, Cl⁻, and Na⁺?

<p>2Na⁺ + Cu²⁺ + CO₃²⁻ + Cl⁻ → CuCO₃ + 2Na⁺ + 2Cl⁻ (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the pH at which a solute often has minimal solubility and precipitates out of the solution called?

<p>Isoelectric point (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What technique is used to separate proteins based on their isoelectric point?

<p>Isoelectric focusing (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to a protein when it reaches its isoelectric point during isoelectric focusing?

<p>It stops moving in the gel (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

[A]₂ Concentration (Exp. 3 vs. Exp. 1)

The concentration of [A]₂ in experiment 3 is four times that in experiment 1.

Value of x in Rate Law

The power to which [A] is raised in the rate law, Rate = k [A]x[B]y.

Value of y in Rate Law

The power to which [B] is raised in the rate law, Rate = k [A]x[B]y.

Value of k in Rate Law

The rate constant in Rate = k [A]x[B]y, quantifying reaction speed.

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Non-Observable Property for Reaction Rate

Change in activation energy is NOT an observable property.

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Rate of [A]₁ (Exp. 3 vs. Exp. 1)

Initial rate of [A]₁ in experiment 3 is four times higher than experiment 1.

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[B]₃ Concentration (Exp. 3 vs. Exp. 1)

The concentration of [B]₃ in experiment 3 is three times higher than in experiment 1.

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Activation Energy

Activation energy is the minimum energy required for a reaction to occur.

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Not an example of an observable property

Change in intensity of the color of the reactant

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Rate of [A]₁ (Exp. 3 vs. Exp. 2)

Initial rate of [A]₁ in experiment 3 is three times greater than in experiment 2.

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Rate of [B]₁ (Exp. 3 vs. Exp. 2)

Initial rate of [B]₁ in experiment 3 is twice as great as in experiment 2.

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Equation for ΔS

ΔS = Σ[n(ΔS)]products - Σ[n(ΔS)]reactants calculates entropy change.

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Sign of ΔS (Spontaneous)

In a spontaneous process, ΔS is typically positive.

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Equation for ΔG

ΔG = Σ(ΔG)products - Σ(ΔG)reactants calculates Gibbs free energy change.

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Non-Observable Property for Reaction Rate

Volume is NOT an observable property to determine reaction rate.

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Definition of Equilibrium

Equilibrium is the state where the concentration ratio of products to reactants is constant.

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Dynamic Equilibrium

Dynamic equilibrium exists with continuous, opposing reactions until disturbed.

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Le Chatelier's Principle

Disturbed equilibrium shifts to re-establish balance (Le Chatelier's principle).

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Equilibrium Constant (K)

K indicates how far a reaction proceeds to completion.

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Acid/Base Strength

Inversely proportional relationship between acid and conjugate base strength.

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Ka and Kb Relationship

Ka and Kb have a proportional relationship.

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Weak Acid Ionization

HA + H2O(l) -> H3O+(aq) + A- represents weak acid ionization.

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Ka Calculation (Weak Acid)

Ka = [H3O+] / [HA] calculates Ka for weak acid.

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pKa Calculation

pKa = -log[Ka] determines acidity strength.

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