Pharmacokinetics

What is the main advantage of using extended-release tablets of oral morphine?

Which route of administration involves placing the drug under the tongue or between the cheek and gum?

Why is parenteral administration preferred for drugs like heparin and insulin?

What is a significant advantage of sublingual and buccal routes of drug administration?

What are some factors that can influence drug absorption unrelated to the chemistry of the drug?

How are two drug formulations considered therapeutically equivalent?

In drug distribution, where does a drug reversibly leave before entering the tissues?

Why are some drugs like insulin destroyed in the gastrointestinal tract?

Which injection route provides absorption via simple diffusion and is slower than the IV route?

Which injection route minimizes the risks of hemolysis or thrombosis associated with IV injection?

Which injection route should not be used with drugs that cause tissue irritation to avoid severe pain and necrosis?

Which route of administration provides rapid delivery of drug across the large surface area of mucous membranes of the respiratory tract?

What is the equation to calculate the Volume of Distribution (Vd)?

In which compartment would a drug be effectively trapped if it is too large to pass through the capillaries' slit junctions?

What type of distribution does heparin show in terms of its Volume of Distribution (Vd)?

Which water compartment in the body does a drug enter if it can pass through the endothelial slit junctions of the capillaries?

Enteral administration is the least common method of drug administration.

Oral administration of drugs is easily self-administered and does not require close monitoring.

Activated charcoal may be used as an antidote for overdoses of orally administered drugs.

The low gastric pH enhances the absorption of all types of drugs taken orally.

Sublingual and buccal routes of drug administration provide slow absorption due to the harsh gastrointestinal environment.

Parenteral administration is preferred for drugs that are unstable in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, such as insulin.

Extended-release tablets of oral morphine require more frequent administration compared to the immediate-release tablets.

Drugs administered via the sublingual route are absorbed under the gum.

Orally administered drugs always provide 100% bioavailability due to rapid absorption into the systemic circulation.

Bioavailability is determined by comparing plasma levels of a drug after a specific route of administration with levels achieved by intramuscular administration.

First-pass hepatic metabolism occurs when a drug enters the systemic circulation before passing through the liver or gut wall.

Total body clearance is the sum of all clearances from only drug-metabolizing organs.

The liver plays no role in drug clearance through metabolism or excretion into the bile.

The area under the curve (AUC) can be measured by plotting plasma concentrations of a drug over time.

Excretion of drugs into sweat, saliva, tears, hair, and skin occurs to a large extent.

Breast milk is not a potential source of undesirable side effects to a breast-feeding infant.

Why is parenteral administration preferred for drugs like insulin?

What advantage do sublingual and buccal routes of drug administration offer over other routes?

Why are extended-release tablets of oral morphine more convenient than immediate-release tablets?

What is a characteristic feature of drugs administered via the sublingual or buccal route?

What is a disadvantage of parenteral administration compared to other routes?

Which type of drug delivery provides the most control over the amount of drug delivered?

What is a characteristic of depot preparations administered intramuscularly?

Which parenteral route would be suitable for drugs that are not absorbed orally, such as rocuronium?

Which compartment in the body would a drug be effectively trapped in if it has a low Volume of Distribution (Vd) similar to the plasma volume?

What can be inferred about a drug with a high molecular weight and extensive protein binding in terms of its Volume of Distribution (Vd)?

Which water compartment does a drug enter if it can pass through the endothelial slit junctions of capillaries?

What is the significance of Volume of Distribution (Vd) when comparing drug distribution with volumes of water compartments in the body?

Intrathecal and intraventricular routes of drug administration are particularly necessary when:

The transdermal route of drug administration is advantageous because:

What is a key reason topical application is used for drug delivery?

What distinguishes oral inhalation and nasal preparations as a preferred route of drug administration for respiratory disorders?

Where does the excretion of drugs into sweat, saliva, tears, hair, and skin primarily occur?

What is the primary role of the liver in drug clearance?

What are important measures of drug clearance used to optimize drug therapy and minimize toxicity?

Which organ is often the major organ of drug excretion?

What is a key difference between subcutaneous (SC) injection and intramuscular (IM) injection?

Why should drugs causing tissue irritation not be administered via the subcutaneous route?

What characterizes drugs typically administered via the intradermal (ID) route?

In what way do oral inhalation and nasal preparations differ from IV bolus administration in terms of drug effects?

What factor primarily determines the relative concentrations of the charged and uncharged forms of a drug at its absorption site?

Which factor contributes significantly to the distribution equilibrium of a drug in all body water spaces?

If a drug has a high pKa value, what can be inferred about its acidity?

How does the availability of surface area for absorption differ between the intestine and the stomach?

Which factor can alter drug absorption unrelated to the chemistry of the drug?

What defines two drug formulations as therapeutically equivalent?

What does bioequivalence between two drug formulations indicate?

Where does drug distribution primarily occur according to the text?