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Pharmacokinetics
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Pharmacokinetics

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Questions and Answers

What is the main advantage of using extended-release tablets of oral morphine?

  • Rapid absorption
  • Reduced frequency of administration (correct)
  • Bypass of first-pass metabolism
  • Higher bioavailability

    • Which route of administration involves placing the drug under the tongue or between the cheek and gum?

  • Intravenous
  • Sublingual / Buccal (correct)
  • Intramuscular
  • Subcutaneous

    • Why is parenteral administration preferred for drugs like heparin and insulin?

  • Rapid absorption
  • Reduced side effects
  • Avoidance of first-pass metabolism
  • High bioavailability (correct)

    • What is a significant advantage of sublingual and buccal routes of drug administration?

    <p>Ease of administration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some factors that can influence drug absorption unrelated to the chemistry of the drug?

    <p>Particle size, salt form, and crystal polymorphism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are two drug formulations considered therapeutically equivalent?

    <p>They have similar clinical and safety profiles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In drug distribution, where does a drug reversibly leave before entering the tissues?

    <p>Bloodstream</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are some drugs like insulin destroyed in the gastrointestinal tract?

    <p>Because of enteric coatings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which injection route provides absorption via simple diffusion and is slower than the IV route?

    <p>Intradermal (ID)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which injection route minimizes the risks of hemolysis or thrombosis associated with IV injection?

    <p>Subcutaneous (SC)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which injection route should not be used with drugs that cause tissue irritation to avoid severe pain and necrosis?

    <p>Subcutaneous (SC)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which route of administration provides rapid delivery of drug across the large surface area of mucous membranes of the respiratory tract?

    <p>Oral Inhalation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the equation to calculate the Volume of Distribution (Vd)?

    <p>Vd = C0</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which compartment would a drug be effectively trapped if it is too large to pass through the capillaries' slit junctions?

    <p>Plasma compartment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of distribution does heparin show in terms of its Volume of Distribution (Vd)?

    <p>Low Vd approximating the plasma volume</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which water compartment in the body does a drug enter if it can pass through the endothelial slit junctions of the capillaries?

    <p>Interstitial fluid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Enteral administration is the least common method of drug administration.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Oral administration of drugs is easily self-administered and does not require close monitoring.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Activated charcoal may be used as an antidote for overdoses of orally administered drugs.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The low gastric pH enhances the absorption of all types of drugs taken orally.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sublingual and buccal routes of drug administration provide slow absorption due to the harsh gastrointestinal environment.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Parenteral administration is preferred for drugs that are unstable in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, such as insulin.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Extended-release tablets of oral morphine require more frequent administration compared to the immediate-release tablets.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Drugs administered via the sublingual route are absorbed under the gum.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Orally administered drugs always provide 100% bioavailability due to rapid absorption into the systemic circulation.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Bioavailability is determined by comparing plasma levels of a drug after a specific route of administration with levels achieved by intramuscular administration.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    First-pass hepatic metabolism occurs when a drug enters the systemic circulation before passing through the liver or gut wall.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Total body clearance is the sum of all clearances from only drug-metabolizing organs.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The liver plays no role in drug clearance through metabolism or excretion into the bile.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The area under the curve (AUC) can be measured by plotting plasma concentrations of a drug over time.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Excretion of drugs into sweat, saliva, tears, hair, and skin occurs to a large extent.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Breast milk is not a potential source of undesirable side effects to a breast-feeding infant.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is parenteral administration preferred for drugs like insulin?

    <p>Insulin is unstable in the gastrointestinal tract</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What advantage do sublingual and buccal routes of drug administration offer over other routes?

    <p>Avoidance of first-pass metabolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are extended-release tablets of oral morphine more convenient than immediate-release tablets?

    <p>Require less frequent administration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic feature of drugs administered via the sublingual or buccal route?

    <p>First-pass metabolism in the liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a disadvantage of parenteral administration compared to other routes?

    <p>Risk of local tissue damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of drug delivery provides the most control over the amount of drug delivered?

    <p>Intravenous infusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of depot preparations administered intramuscularly?

    <p>Absorbed more slowly than aqueous solutions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which parenteral route would be suitable for drugs that are not absorbed orally, such as rocuronium?

    <p>Intravenous (IV)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which compartment in the body would a drug be effectively trapped in if it has a low Volume of Distribution (Vd) similar to the plasma volume?

    <p>Plasma compartment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be inferred about a drug with a high molecular weight and extensive protein binding in terms of its Volume of Distribution (Vd)?

    <p>It will have a low Vd approximating the plasma volume</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which water compartment does a drug enter if it can pass through the endothelial slit junctions of capillaries?

    <p>Extracellular fluid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of Volume of Distribution (Vd) when comparing drug distribution with volumes of water compartments in the body?

    <p>Vd helps compare drug distribution with body water compartments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Intrathecal and intraventricular routes of drug administration are particularly necessary when:

    <p>Local and rapid effects in the central nervous system are needed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The transdermal route of drug administration is advantageous because:

    <p>It provides systemic effects through skin application</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key reason topical application is used for drug delivery?

    <p>To target a specific localized effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes oral inhalation and nasal preparations as a preferred route of drug administration for respiratory disorders?

    <p>Direct delivery to the site of action</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the excretion of drugs into sweat, saliva, tears, hair, and skin primarily occur?

    <p>Kidneys</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the liver in drug clearance?

    <p>Excretion into bile</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are important measures of drug clearance used to optimize drug therapy and minimize toxicity?

    <p>Total body clearance and drug half-life</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organ is often the major organ of drug excretion?

    <p>Liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key difference between subcutaneous (SC) injection and intramuscular (IM) injection?

    <p>SC injection avoids the risks of hemolysis, unlike IM injection.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why should drugs causing tissue irritation not be administered via the subcutaneous route?

    <p>To avoid severe pain and necrosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes drugs typically administered via the intradermal (ID) route?

    <p>Agents for diagnostic determination and desensitization.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what way do oral inhalation and nasal preparations differ from IV bolus administration in terms of drug effects?

    <p>Both IV bolus and oral inhalation provide rapid drug effects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor primarily determines the relative concentrations of the charged and uncharged forms of a drug at its absorption site?

    <p>pKa of the drug</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor contributes significantly to the distribution equilibrium of a drug in all body water spaces?

    <p>Achieving equal concentration in all body water spaces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If a drug has a high pKa value, what can be inferred about its acidity?

    <p>It is basic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the availability of surface area for absorption differ between the intestine and the stomach?

    <p>The intestine has a larger surface area due to brush borders containing microvilli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor can alter drug absorption unrelated to the chemistry of the drug?

    <p>Particle size</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines two drug formulations as therapeutically equivalent?

    <p>Similar dosage form and route of administration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does bioequivalence between two drug formulations indicate?

    <p>Comparable bioavailability and peak blood concentrations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does drug distribution primarily occur according to the text?

    <p>Interstitium</p> Signup and view all the answers

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