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Questions and Answers
What is the first step to take for a light burn?
In case of a severe burn, what should you do after applying antiseptic?
What should you not do while evacuating a building?
Which feature is essential for emergency exits?
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What is the purpose of using polyethylene glycol 400 or calcium gluconate in case of burns?
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What incident led to the closure of UP Manila's laboratory?
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What was the cause of the seven-month-old baby being hospitalized?
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What does GHS stand for?
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Which of the following is NOT a goal of the GHS?
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What is one of the distinct benefits of GHS?
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What does GHS aim to harmonize?
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Which aspect of safety does GHS NOT cover?
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What can be an outcome of implementing the GHS?
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What is the main difference between local and systemic injuries caused by chemical exposure?
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What defines acute toxicity in chemical exposure?
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Which of the following statements is true about chronic toxicity?
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What factor can influence an individual's sensitivity to specific chemicals?
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What is meant by 'sensitization' in the context of chemical exposure?
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How does exposure duration affect cancer risk from chemicals?
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Which of the following is considered a sensitizer?
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What distinguishes human carcinogens from suspected human carcinogens?
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What is a common source of fire that requires daily maintenance?
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Which item should never be placed near heating appliances?
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Which practice can help reduce fire hazards from electrical equipment?
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What is a recommended action to take with regard to smoking areas?
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Why is it important to have an up-to-date fire risk assessment?
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What should not be used at the bottom of the oven due to fire risk?
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How can potential arson risks be mitigated?
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What precaution should be taken with appliances to prevent fires?
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What defines a human carcinogen?
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Which of the following is classified as a reproductive toxin?
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During which period is a developing fetus particularly sensitive to chemicals?
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What is the consequence of using ethyl alcohol in an enclosed area without ventilation?
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Which of these substances is a known teratogen?
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What should individuals who work with teratogens consider if they are contemplating pregnancy?
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What is a suspected human carcinogen?
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Which chemical is NOT typically associated with reproductive toxicity?
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Study Notes
Chemical Exposure Effects
- Exposure effects depend on the amount of chemical and its hazard level
- Local injuries affect the contact area (e.g., acid on arm)
- Systemic injuries affect organs/tissues other than contact site due to toxin transport through bloodstream (e.g., methanol ingestion causing blindness)
- Certain chemicals target specific organs (e.g., lead affects the brain, kidneys, and red blood cells; solvents can harm the liver and kidneys)
- Acute toxicity occurs from a single, short exposure, with effects appearing quickly and usually reversible
- Chronic toxicity results from repeated exposure over time, causing delayed and gradual effects, potentially irreversible
- Susceptibility to chemical effects varies based on factors including diet, physical condition, obesity, medical conditions, smoking/drinking habits, and pregnancy
- Sensitization occurs with repeated exposure to certain substances, leading to allergic rash, breathing difficulties, or other reactions that may occur with smaller exposures over time and disappear after exposure ends
- Sensitizers include epoxy resins, nickel salts, isocyanates, and formaldehyde, but not everyone exposed will experience sensitization
Particularly Hazardous Substances
- Carcinogens: chemicals that cause cancer
- Many chemicals have been evaluated for their carcinogenic potential
- Latency period for most cancers is 20-40 years
- Cancer risk increases with longer exposure and higher concentration
- 'Human carcinogen' indicates clear evidence of cancer-causing ability in humans
- 'Suspected human carcinogen' refers to chemicals shown to cause cancer in multiple animal species, suggesting potential human risk
- Reproductive Toxins: chemicals affecting reproductive systems, including:
- Mutagens: causing chromosomal damage
- Teratogens: causing fetal malformations
- Embryotoxins: lethal to fertilized eggs, embryos, or fetuses, causing growth retardation or postnatal functional deficits
- Other reproductive toxins may cause sterility or affect sperm motility
- Some chemicals cross the placenta, affecting the fetus, who may be more sensitive to certain chemicals, especially during the first 12 weeks of pregnancy
- Proper handling and protective equipment are crucial to reduce fetal exposure
- Known human teratogens include organic mercury compounds, lead compounds, ionizing radiation, some drugs, alcohol ingestion, and cigarette smoking
- Substances affecting male reproductive health include 1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane, cadmium, mercury, boron, lead, some pesticides, and drugs
- Over 800 chemicals are teratogenic in animal models, many suspected human teratogens
Chemical Accidents
- Accidents can occur at home or in the workplace
- Examples:
- 1997 explosion in Aachen, Germany, caused by flammable ethanol vapor ignited by a match, injuring 21 children
- UP Manila laboratory closure in 2007 due to a chemical spill causing a small explosion
- Baby hospitalized in General Santos City after ingesting kerosene mistaken for water
Globally Harmonized System (GHS)
- Different classification and labelling systems exist across countries and even within the same country
- GHS aims to standardize this, classifying hazards and communicating information on labels and safety data sheets (SDS) globally
- Benefits of GHS:
- Promotes regulatory efficiency
- Facilitates trade
- Eases compliance
- Reduces costs
- Provides consistent hazard information
- Encourages safe chemical handling and use
- Improves emergency response to chemical incidents
- Reduces the need for animal testing
- Harmonizes classification criteria for physical, health, and ecological hazards
- Harmonizes communication regarding:
- Hazardous substance labeling
- Material safety data sheets
- Transport labeling of dangerous goods
- Occupational health and safety
- Consumer protection
First Aid for Burns
- Light burns: wash with cold water for 10 minutes
- Severe burns: apply antiseptic and seek medical attention
- Acid burns: apply polyethylene glycol 400 or calcium gluconate
- Light wounds: wrap with a band-aid
- Severe wounds: apply antiseptic and a band-aid to control bleeding
Evacuation Procedures
- Exit to a safe place
- Assist handicapped individuals
- Avoid running or panicking
- Do not use elevators (potential for getting stuck)
- Go to ground level and into the open air
- Proceed to the designated assembly point
- Do not return to the building until it is deemed safe
Emergency Exits
- Clear signage indicating the closest exit
- Equipped with emergency lighting
- Never locked
- Free from obstructions (bags, equipment)
- Directly connected to emergency stairs
Preventing Fires
- Avoid placing hot objects near flammable materials
- Keep drinks away from electrical equipment
- Never leave cooking unattended
- Maintain clean ovens and microwaves
- Use low browning settings on toasters and regularly empty crumb trays
- Regularly check and service appliances
- Clean lint trays in tumble dryers daily
- Keep areas tidy to prevent dust buildup on electrical equipment
- Ensure regular building cleaning
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Placing articles too close to heat:
- Tea towel near cooking appliances
- Candles knocked over
- Tin foil at the bottom of the oven
- Clothes on heaters
- Prevention tips for articles near heat:
- Electrical equipment generates heat, so store flammable materials away from it
- Never place clothes on heating devices
- Avoid using tin foil near the bottom of the oven
- Use common sense: store flammable materials away from hot objects
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Arson prevention:
- Install sprinkler systems where possible
- Use CCTV as a deterrent
- Securely store rubbish to prevent ignition
- Securely lock building and windows
- Maintain a safe smoking area away from the building
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Fire risk assessment:
- Conduct regular assessments
- Identify sources of ignition, fuel, and oxygen
- Develop strategies to reduce or eliminate risks
Fire Extinguishers
- Familiarize yourself with the location, function, and use of fire extinguishers
- Regularly check and maintain extinguishers
Fire safety training
- Conduct regular fire safety training
- Keep everyone informed and safe
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Description
Test your knowledge on the effects of chemical exposure and toxicity. Understand the differences between acute and chronic toxicity, and how various factors influence susceptibility to chemical effects. This quiz covers local and systemic injuries, and the organ-specific damage caused by different chemicals.
