Chemical Equilibrium and Metabolism Overview

<p>No net change occurs in concentrations over time (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>No work can be done to sustain life (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An input of energy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It determines the reaction rate based on product and reactant concentrations (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A very high or very low mass action ratio (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The change in Gibbs Free Energy, ∆G (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are linked enzyme reactions forming networks (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reaction rate is directly proportional to the product of concentrations (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mass action (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It has more free energy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It drives ATP synthesis through chemiosmotic coupling. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It transfers electrons and reduces oxygen to produce water. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They release energy used to phosphorylate ADP to ATP. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It creates a direct link between substrate oxidation and ATP production. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Predominantly low levels of ADP. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To perform all chemical reactions essential for life (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Through the oxidation of these nutrients (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They consist of linked enzyme reactions. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>DNA replication (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>About 100 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They frequently exist in large complexes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They represent a small variety of reaction mechanisms. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Interpersonal communication (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It has a negative Gibbs energy. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It makes endergonic reactions easier by coupling. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>ATP is continuously turned over in the body. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It links exergonic reactions to drive endergonic processes. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>ATP can rapidly convert to ADP and Pi, releasing energy. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To create an ionic gradient across the membrane. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All metabolic reactions would slow down. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It requires heat and has a positive Gibbs energy. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>2 ATP and 2 NADH (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Both fatty acids and pyruvate (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Provision of reducing equivalents (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>3 NADH (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By transferring electrons to O2 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is converted into acetyl CoA (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is oxidized to produce FADH2 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Succinate dehydrogenase connection to the respiratory chain (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It serves as a source of energy to drive ATP synthesis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Acetyl CoA (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Establishment of a proton-motive force (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Release of CO2 and H2O (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Glycolysis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A state where the rates of the forward and reverse reactions are equal, resulting in no net change in the concentrations of reactants and products.

The tendency of all chemical reactions to reach a state of equilibrium.

The point where no further work can be done by a system.

The breakdown of nutrients releases energy that is harnessed by cells to carry out life processes.

Life depends on maintaining systems away from equilibrium to perform work and avoid decay.

All the chemical reactions that occur within a living organism to sustain life.

The process of breaking down nutrients to release energy, which is then used for various bodily functions.

A series of interconnected enzyme-catalyzed reactions that convert a starting molecule (substrate) into a final product.

A molecule that participates in a metabolic reaction, often serving as an intermediate between reactants and products.

Molecules that accelerate specific metabolic reactions by lowering the activation energy needed for the reaction to occur.

Metabolic pathways are interconnected, meaning that products of one pathway can be used as substrates in another.

Metabolic pathways are precisely controlled to maintain a balance between synthesis (making) and breakdown (breaking) of molecules.

Metabolic enzymes often assemble into large, functional groups to facilitate the efficient transfer of intermediates between different reactions.

The tendency of all reactions to proceed towards a state of equilibrium where the rates of forward and reverse reactions are equal.

The difference between the actual concentrations of products and reactants in a reaction compared to their equilibrium concentrations. Reactions far from equilibrium have more free energy.

The rates of chemical reactions depend on the concentrations of products and reactants. A high ratio of products to reactants (lots of product) or a low ratio (lots of reactants) means the reaction is far from equilibrium. This results in a higher reaction rate than reactions closer to equilibrium.

The driving force behind metabolic reactions. It ensures that reactions that are far from equilibrium will occur at a faster rate to reach equilibrium.

A reaction that releases energy and can occur spontaneously. These reactions have a negative ∆G.

A reaction that requires energy input to occur. These reactions have a positive ∆G.

Reactions that release energy into the surroundings, resulting in a negative Gibbs free energy change.

Reactions that absorb energy from the surroundings, resulting in a positive Gibbs free energy change.

The total free energy change for a metabolic pathway, calculated by summing the free energy changes of all individual reactions.

The process of using the energy released from an exergonic reaction to drive an endergonic reaction. This coupling allows energetically unfavorable reactions to occur.

A key example of energetic coupling in cells. The hydrolysis of ATP (exergonic) drives the movement of sodium and potassium ions against their concentration gradients (endergonic).

The primary energy currency of the cell, consisting of adenosine triphosphate. Its hydrolysis releases energy that drives many cellular processes.

The ability of a molecule to donate a phosphate group, typically to ADP, to form ATP. This is a key factor in ATP's role as an energy currency.

The breakdown of fuel molecules, such as glucose, to generate ATP. This process is fundamental to cell energy production.

A proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane created during electron transport.

The process where energy from electron transport is used to drive ATP synthesis.

A complex of proteins in the inner mitochondrial membrane that uses the PMF to synthesize ATP.

The movement of electrons along a series of carrier molecules in the inner mitochondrial membrane, ultimately leading to the reduction of oxygen to water.

The net amount of energy produced from a particular source after accounting for the energy required to extract, process, and transport it.

The main molecule involved in a metabolic pathway, often serving as a critical point of entry or exit for other molecules.

The process of converting pyruvate into glucose. It's important for maintaining blood glucose levels during fasting or starvation.

The conversion of pyruvate into lactate, which is essential for generating energy under anaerobic conditions (when there's not enough oxygen).

The process of converting pyruvate into acetyl-CoA, which is a central molecule in energy production and many other metabolic pathways.

The process of converting acetyl-CoA into fatty acids, which are stored as energy reserves.

The process of breaking down glucose to produce energy. It's the first step in the major energy production pathway in our cells.

A series of chemical reactions that occur in the mitochondria of cells. It's responsible for generating energy (ATP) and reducing equivalents (NADH, FADH2).

The main entry point of carbon into the TCA cycle. It's generated from pyruvate and used to fuel energy production.

The process of building up molecules using energy. It's one of the main aspects of metabolism.

The process of converting pyruvate into acetyl-CoA, which is the first step in the TCA cycle. It occurs in the mitochondria of cells.

A series of protein complexes embedded in the mitochondrial inner membrane. They facilitate the transfer of electrons from reducing equivalents to oxygen, generating energy.

The force generated by the unequal distribution of protons across the mitochondrial inner membrane. This potential energy drives ATP synthesis.