Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the primary characteristic of an ionic bond?
What is the primary characteristic of an ionic bond?
- Sharing of electrons between atoms
- Formation of molecular orbitals
- Overlap of atomic orbitals
- Transfer of electrons from one atom to another (correct)
Which geometry corresponds to a molecule with four bonded pairs and no lone pairs?
Which geometry corresponds to a molecule with four bonded pairs and no lone pairs?
- Bent/V
- Tetrahedral (correct)
- Trigonal Bipyramidal
- Trigonal planar
Which theory describes the formation of sigma and pi bonds due to the overlapping of atomic orbitals?
Which theory describes the formation of sigma and pi bonds due to the overlapping of atomic orbitals?
- Hybridization Theory
- VSEPR Theory
- Molecular Orbital Theory
- Valence Bond Theory (correct)
According to Fajan's Rule, which factor increases the polarization in an ionic bond?
According to Fajan's Rule, which factor increases the polarization in an ionic bond?
What does bond order indicate in a chemical bond?
What does bond order indicate in a chemical bond?
Flashcards
Ionic Bond
Ionic Bond
An ionic bond is formed by the electrostatic force of attraction between a cation and an anion. Electrons are transferred.
Covalent Bond
Covalent Bond
A covalent bond involves the sharing of electrons between atoms.
Fajan's Rule
Fajan's Rule
Describes the polarization in an ionic bond: Distortion of the ionic sphere of an anion due to a small cation with high polarizing power.
VSEPR Theory
VSEPR Theory
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Molecular Orbital Theory (MOT)
Molecular Orbital Theory (MOT)
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Valence Bond Theory (VBT)
Valence Bond Theory (VBT)
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Hybridization
Hybridization
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Bond Order
Bond Order
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Steric Number
Steric Number
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Study Notes
Chemical Bonding
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Ionic Bond: Formed by transferring electrons from a metal to a non-metal, creating oppositely charged ions (cation and anion) that are attracted to each other. An ionic lattice is a 3-dimensional arrangement of ions. Factors like electronegativity, electronegativity difference, and ionization energy affect the formation.
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Covalent Bond: Formed by sharing electrons between non-metals. Electrons are shared to achieve a stable electron configuration. A covalent compound can be polar or non-polar depending on shared electron distribution. Distortion of electron cloud around atoms affects characteristics of the covalent bond. Polarization, or distortion of the electron cloud in ionic bonds, is influenced by the size of the cation (small) and anion (large). A larger anion has more polarizability.
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Fajan's Rule: Explains conditions for polarization in ionic bonds. Small cations and large anions are more polarizing.
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VESPR Theory: Used to explain the geometry of molecules. Molecule shape results from minimizing repulsion between electron pairs (bonding and lone) around a central atom.
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VBT (Valence Bond Theory): Explains the formation of bonds through overlap of atomic orbitals. Sigma (σ) and pi (π) bonds are formed by axial and lateral overlap, respectively. Sigma overlap is stronger than pi overlap.
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MOT (Molecular Orbital Theory): Atomic orbitals combine to form molecular orbitals in molecules. Bond strength and order are related to the number of electrons in bonding molecular orbitals.
Geometry of Molecules
- Linear: Two bonding pairs around central atom.
- Trigonal Planar: Three bonding pairs around central atom.
- Tetrahedral: Four bonding pairs around central atom.
- Bent/V-shaped: Two bonding and one or more lone pairs.
- Trigonal Pyramidal: Three bonding pairs and one lone pair.
- Trigonal Bipyramidal: Five bonding pairs.
Hybridization
- Hybridization: Mixing of atomic orbitals to form new hybrid orbitals. The number of hybrid orbitals equals the number of atomic orbitals mixed. Combination of atomic orbitals shapes hybrid orbitals.
- Steric number: Sum of bonding and lone pairs around a central atom.
Bond Order
- Bond Order: Measure of the strength or stability of a chemical bond. Represents the number of electron pairs shared between two atoms.
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