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Questions and Answers
What is the primary characteristic of covalent bonding?
What is the primary characteristic of covalent bonding?
What is the main purpose of using Lewis symbols in chemistry?
What is the main purpose of using Lewis symbols in chemistry?
Which of the following statements about ionic bonds is correct?
Which of the following statements about ionic bonds is correct?
What does the octet rule state?
What does the octet rule state?
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Which of these representations best illustrates the spatial arrangement of atoms in a molecule?
Which of these representations best illustrates the spatial arrangement of atoms in a molecule?
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In the context of ionic bonding, what characterizes the Born-Haber cycle?
In the context of ionic bonding, what characterizes the Born-Haber cycle?
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What is the role of ionization energy in ionic bonding?
What is the role of ionization energy in ionic bonding?
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Which of the following best describes metallic bonding?
Which of the following best describes metallic bonding?
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What is a formal charge an indication of?
What is a formal charge an indication of?
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What indicates a positive formal charge for an atom in a Lewis structure?
What indicates a positive formal charge for an atom in a Lewis structure?
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What should the sum of all formal charges equal in a neutral molecule?
What should the sum of all formal charges equal in a neutral molecule?
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Which situation makes a contributing structure less important in resonance?
Which situation makes a contributing structure less important in resonance?
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Which of the following is true about atoms according to the electroneutrality principle?
Which of the following is true about atoms according to the electroneutrality principle?
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In the example of $ ext{SO}_3$, how many electrons are involved in its formal charge calculation?
In the example of $ ext{SO}_3$, how many electrons are involved in its formal charge calculation?
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Which of the following statements about resonance structures is correct?
Which of the following statements about resonance structures is correct?
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When are covalent bonds described as delocalized?
When are covalent bonds described as delocalized?
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What is the purpose of introducing multiple bonds in a Lewis Structure?
What is the purpose of introducing multiple bonds in a Lewis Structure?
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Which of the following statements about central atoms in Lewis Structures is accurate?
Which of the following statements about central atoms in Lewis Structures is accurate?
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In which of the following cases would a molecule typically have expanded octet?
In which of the following cases would a molecule typically have expanded octet?
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What should be done if a Lewis Structure represents a charged molecule?
What should be done if a Lewis Structure represents a charged molecule?
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Which of the following correctly describes the role of Lewis Structures in molecular geometry?
Which of the following correctly describes the role of Lewis Structures in molecular geometry?
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How many total valence electrons are there in the SO3 molecule?
How many total valence electrons are there in the SO3 molecule?
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What is the typical covalency of boron when forming compounds?
What is the typical covalency of boron when forming compounds?
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Using the Langmuir formula, how many covalent bonds would be formed in an AXX molecule if all atoms obey the octet rule?
Using the Langmuir formula, how many covalent bonds would be formed in an AXX molecule if all atoms obey the octet rule?
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What occurs during the formation of a cation?
What occurs during the formation of a cation?
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In terms of lattice energy, which of the following is true?
In terms of lattice energy, which of the following is true?
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Which type of covalent bond involves the sharing of electrons equally?
Which type of covalent bond involves the sharing of electrons equally?
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What is a defining feature of polar covalent bonds?
What is a defining feature of polar covalent bonds?
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How does electronegativity change across the periodic table?
How does electronegativity change across the periodic table?
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Which statement correctly describes a dative or coordinate covalent bond?
Which statement correctly describes a dative or coordinate covalent bond?
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What is the outcome of increasing the charge on ions in relation to lattice energy?
What is the outcome of increasing the charge on ions in relation to lattice energy?
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What does the partial negative charge (δ-) in a polar covalent bond indicate?
What does the partial negative charge (δ-) in a polar covalent bond indicate?
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Study Notes
Chemical Bonding and Energetics
- Formation of a cation requires energy (endothermic).
- Energy is released by producing an anion (exothermic).
- Formation of solid ionic compounds releases significant energy (exothermic).
- Lattice energy is the energy to separate a mole of ionic compound into gaseous ions, reversible process.
- Lattice energy increases with higher ionic charge and smaller ionic size.
Covalent Bond Formation
- Covalent bonds occur through sharing electrons between atoms.
- Electrostatic interactions include attractions between electrons and nuclei, and repulsions between electrons and nuclei.
- To form a bond, attraction must exceed repulsion.
Types of Covalent Bonds
- Normal covalent bonds: formed with equal electron donation from two atoms.
- Dative (coordinate) bonds: formed when one atom donates both electrons.
- Non-polar covalent bonds: formed between atoms with similar electronegativities (e.g., H-H).
- Polar covalent bonds: formed when there is a significant difference in electronegativities between the bonded atoms.
Electronegativity
- Electronegativity is an atom's ability to attract electrons in a bond.
- Electronegativity increases from left to right across a period and from bottom to top within a group.
Polar Covalent Bonds
- Electrons are shared unequally in polar covalent bonds.
- The more electronegative atom pulls electrons closer, creating partial charges (δ− and δ+).
Types of Chemical Bonds
- Chemical bonds are the forces holding atoms together.
- Three primary types of bonds:
- Covalent bonds (non-metal atoms, e.g., CH4),
- Ionic bonds (metal and non-metal atoms, e.g., KCl),
- Metallic bonds (metal elements).
Stability of Atoms
- Atoms achieve stability by changing outer configurations to resemble noble gases.
- Methods for achieving stability include sharing electrons (covalent) or transferring electrons (ionic).
- Covalent bonds typically involve nonmetals with high ionization energy.
Lewis Symbols
- G.N. Lewis introduced symbols to denote valence electrons.
- Atoms tend to gain, lose, or share electrons to achieve an octet (eight valence electrons).
Ionic Bond Formation
- Metals lose electrons; nonmetals gain electrons to achieve noble gas configuration.
- The Born-Haber cycle explains the energetics of ionic bonding, involving conversion of elements to gaseous ions then recombining them.
Lewis Structure Principles
- Total valence electrons should be calculated for a molecule (e.g., SO2 = 18 e−).
- Identify the central atom based on highest normal covalency or lowest electronegativity.
- Utilize single bonds initially, expanding to double or triple bonds if octets are not satisfied.
Exceptions to the Octet Rule
- Boron often has fewer than eight electrons and is satisfied with six.
- Expanded octets can occur in elements from Period 3 onward, allowing for more than eight electrons around the central atom.
Importance of Formal Charge
- Formal charge indicates an atom's charge if sharing electrons equally.
- The sum of all formal charges must equal the overall charge of the molecule or ion.
- Guidelines determine formal charge based on normal covalency and actual bonding.
Resonance Structures
- Molecules may have multiple valid Lewis structures, showcasing delocalized electrons.
- Important contributing structures have similar atomic arrangements but differ in electron positions.
- Structures with zero formal charge are more significant and favorable under the electroneutrality principle.
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Description
Test your knowledge on chemical bonding, including ionic and covalent bonds, and their energetics. Understand the concepts of lattice energy and the distinctions between various types of covalent bonds. This quiz covers fundamental principles essential for mastering the topic of bonding in chemistry.
