Chem118L Final Exam Review

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Questions and Answers

Which functional groups are present in salicylic acid?

Alkane and alcohol

Phenol and carboxylic acid (correct)

Ester and carboxylic acid

Amine and ketone

What do the results of the iron (III) chloride test indicate?

The presence of a phenol group

What does the universal indicator result indicate about the aspirins's acidity?

It should be more acidic to indicate a pure substance.

What materials were used to simulate our own PADs?

Paper and a drop of FeCl3 and pH indicator. Signup and view all the answers

How is a PADs test performed?

Rub the medicine across the paper, dip it in water, and observe the color at the test strip. Signup and view all the answers

Which components are found in our soap?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

The reactants in a hydrolysis reaction include a triacyl glyceride and _____

NaOH Signup and view all the answers

What is the pH of normal ivory soap?

8 Signup and view all the answers

How does soap behave in distilled water?

It forms clear bubbles on top due to high solubility. Signup and view all the answers

What is lactose and what is its structure?

Lactose is a disaccharide made up of two glucose molecules. Signup and view all the answers

Where is lactose digested in the body?

In the duodenum by the enzyme lactase. Signup and view all the answers

How do pH and temperature affect enzyme digestion?

Enzymes function optimally at specific pH and temperature. Signup and view all the answers

What causes lactose intolerance?

The lack of lactase in the digestive system. Signup and view all the answers

What is the structure of DNA?

DNA is a double-stranded alpha helix made up of nucleotides. Signup and view all the answers

What occurs if DNA is heated too high?

The hydrogen bonds are broken, leading to loss of structure and function. Signup and view all the answers

DNA is held together by _____ bonds.

hydrogen Signup and view all the answers

Match the following abnormalities in urine components with their implications:

Glucose = Diabetes Protein = Poor functioning kidneys High specific gravity = Starvation or kidney failure Low specific gravity = Diabetes Signup and view all the answers

What are components of normal urine?

Water, urea, sodium, potassium, chloride, and creatinine. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Functional Groups

Salicylic acid contains both a phenol and a carboxylic acid group.
Acetic anhydride features two ester functional groups.
Acetylsalicylic acid is composed of an ester and a carboxylic acid.
Acetic acid is classified as a carboxylic acid.

Iron (III) Chloride Test Results

Yellow color change indicates the presence of a phenol group.
If the phenol is present but does not fully react, the color remains yellow.

Universal Indicator Results

The pH indicator distinguishes between acidic and basic products.
Aspirin, containing carboxylic acid, should show an acidic reaction for purity confirmation.

Simulating PADs

Experiment involved paper, FeCl3, and a pH indicator.
Paper was dipped in water to absorb and react with FeCl3 and pH indicator.

PADs Testing Procedure

Medicine rubbed across a line on PADs paper.
Bottom of the paper dipped in water without touching test strips.
Waiting for the right indicator to turn blue signifies proper reaction.
Final color analysis on the test strip determines positive or negative results.

Soap Components

Glycerol combined with three fatty acid salts.
Various acids: oleic, stearic, linoleic, and palmitic acids.

Reactions in Soap Production

Reactants include triacylglyceride and sodium hydroxide (NaOH).
Products formed are glycerol and three fatty acid salts through hydrolysis.

pH of Soap

Ivory soap has a pH of 8; olive oil soap ranges between 12 and 13.
Olive oil soap is more alkaline compared to ivory soap.

Soap Behavior in Different Solutions

Distilled Water: Clear bubbles, highly soluble due to no interfering minerals.
Tap Water: Cloudy with fewer bubbles, lower solubility due to ion bonding (hard water).
Calcium Chloride Solutions: No bubbles, indicating high insolubility with increased calcium concentration.

Dissolving Organic Acids and Bases

Acids and bases can neutralize one another by direct addition.
Important for managing blood pH imbalances in medical scenarios.

Structure of Lactose

A disaccharide comprised of two glucose molecules.

Lactose Digestion Location

Digested in the duodenum by the enzyme lactase.

Enzyme Activity and Environmental Factors

Enzymes function best at optimal pH and body temperature.
Extreme changes in temperature lead to denaturation or inactivation of enzymes.

Causes and Symptoms of Lactose Intolerance

Lack of lactase enzyme leads to symptoms like stomach cramps and diarrhea.

DNA Structure and Function

DNA, a double-stranded alpha helix, carries genetic information.
Composed of adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine, with a sugar-phosphate backbone.
Hydrogen bonds secure base pairing: cytosine with guanine (3 bonds), adenine with thymine (2 bonds).

Effects of High Heat on DNA

Heating DNA excessively breaks hydrogen bonds, altering its structure and function.

DNA Extraction Method

Chopped onion mixed with a homogenizing solution of salt, reagent, and detergent.
Water bath treatment weakens cell walls, enabling DNA separation upon cooling and adding ethanol.

Base-Pairing in DNA

Bases pair via hydrogen bonds maintaining integrity.
Cytosine and guanine pair with three bonds, while adenine and thymine pair with two bonds.

Testing for Various Substances

Calcium test: cloudy and yellow indicates a positive reaction.
Sodium presence indicated by yellow flame under metal.
Phosphate and sulfate tests resemble calcium results with color changes.
Multistix assesses multiple parameters like blood, protein, glucose, and pH.

Normal Urine Composition and Abnormal Indicators

Typical urine contains water, urea, sodium, potassium, chloride, and creatinine.
Presence of glucose is abnormal, indicating potential diabetes.
Urine color may signal dehydration or dietary changes, while pH variations could indicate various health conditions.

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Description

Prepare for your Chem118L final exam with these flashcards covering essential functional groups and chemical tests. Understand the significance of different reagents and their reactions. Perfect for quick revision and mastery of key concepts in organic chemistry.