Questions and Answers
Which functional groups are present in salicylic acid?
What do the results of the iron (III) chloride test indicate?
The presence of a phenol group
What does the universal indicator result indicate about the aspirins's acidity?
It should be more acidic to indicate a pure substance.
What materials were used to simulate our own PADs?
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How is a PADs test performed?
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Which components are found in our soap?
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The reactants in a hydrolysis reaction include a triacyl glyceride and _____
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What is the pH of normal ivory soap?
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How does soap behave in distilled water?
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What is lactose and what is its structure?
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Where is lactose digested in the body?
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How do pH and temperature affect enzyme digestion?
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What causes lactose intolerance?
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What is the structure of DNA?
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What occurs if DNA is heated too high?
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DNA is held together by _____ bonds.
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Match the following abnormalities in urine components with their implications:
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What are components of normal urine?
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Study Notes
Functional Groups
- Salicylic acid contains both a phenol and a carboxylic acid group.
- Acetic anhydride features two ester functional groups.
- Acetylsalicylic acid is composed of an ester and a carboxylic acid.
- Acetic acid is classified as a carboxylic acid.
Iron (III) Chloride Test Results
- Yellow color change indicates the presence of a phenol group.
- If the phenol is present but does not fully react, the color remains yellow.
Universal Indicator Results
- The pH indicator distinguishes between acidic and basic products.
- Aspirin, containing carboxylic acid, should show an acidic reaction for purity confirmation.
Simulating PADs
- Experiment involved paper, FeCl3, and a pH indicator.
- Paper was dipped in water to absorb and react with FeCl3 and pH indicator.
PADs Testing Procedure
- Medicine rubbed across a line on PADs paper.
- Bottom of the paper dipped in water without touching test strips.
- Waiting for the right indicator to turn blue signifies proper reaction.
- Final color analysis on the test strip determines positive or negative results.
Soap Components
- Glycerol combined with three fatty acid salts.
- Various acids: oleic, stearic, linoleic, and palmitic acids.
Reactions in Soap Production
- Reactants include triacylglyceride and sodium hydroxide (NaOH).
- Products formed are glycerol and three fatty acid salts through hydrolysis.
pH of Soap
- Ivory soap has a pH of 8; olive oil soap ranges between 12 and 13.
- Olive oil soap is more alkaline compared to ivory soap.
Soap Behavior in Different Solutions
- Distilled Water: Clear bubbles, highly soluble due to no interfering minerals.
- Tap Water: Cloudy with fewer bubbles, lower solubility due to ion bonding (hard water).
- Calcium Chloride Solutions: No bubbles, indicating high insolubility with increased calcium concentration.
Dissolving Organic Acids and Bases
- Acids and bases can neutralize one another by direct addition.
- Important for managing blood pH imbalances in medical scenarios.
Structure of Lactose
- A disaccharide comprised of two glucose molecules.
Lactose Digestion Location
- Digested in the duodenum by the enzyme lactase.
Enzyme Activity and Environmental Factors
- Enzymes function best at optimal pH and body temperature.
- Extreme changes in temperature lead to denaturation or inactivation of enzymes.
Causes and Symptoms of Lactose Intolerance
- Lack of lactase enzyme leads to symptoms like stomach cramps and diarrhea.
DNA Structure and Function
- DNA, a double-stranded alpha helix, carries genetic information.
- Composed of adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine, with a sugar-phosphate backbone.
- Hydrogen bonds secure base pairing: cytosine with guanine (3 bonds), adenine with thymine (2 bonds).
Effects of High Heat on DNA
- Heating DNA excessively breaks hydrogen bonds, altering its structure and function.
DNA Extraction Method
- Chopped onion mixed with a homogenizing solution of salt, reagent, and detergent.
- Water bath treatment weakens cell walls, enabling DNA separation upon cooling and adding ethanol.
Base-Pairing in DNA
- Bases pair via hydrogen bonds maintaining integrity.
- Cytosine and guanine pair with three bonds, while adenine and thymine pair with two bonds.
Testing for Various Substances
- Calcium test: cloudy and yellow indicates a positive reaction.
- Sodium presence indicated by yellow flame under metal.
- Phosphate and sulfate tests resemble calcium results with color changes.
- Multistix assesses multiple parameters like blood, protein, glucose, and pH.
Normal Urine Composition and Abnormal Indicators
- Typical urine contains water, urea, sodium, potassium, chloride, and creatinine.
- Presence of glucose is abnormal, indicating potential diabetes.
- Urine color may signal dehydration or dietary changes, while pH variations could indicate various health conditions.
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Description
Prepare for your Chem118L final exam with these flashcards covering essential functional groups and chemical tests. Understand the significance of different reagents and their reactions. Perfect for quick revision and mastery of key concepts in organic chemistry.