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Questions and Answers
What does the -ane ending indicate in the naming of hydrocarbons?
What does the -ane ending indicate in the naming of hydrocarbons?
An alkane
What type of hydrocarbon is characterized by a specific six-carbon ring with three double bonds?
What type of hydrocarbon is characterized by a specific six-carbon ring with three double bonds?
An aromatic hydrocarbon
Which of the following correctly describes the bond angle in alkanes?
Which of the following correctly describes the bond angle in alkanes?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a functional group?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a functional group?
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What is the name given to the functional group containing an -OH group attached to a carbon atom?
What is the name given to the functional group containing an -OH group attached to a carbon atom?
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What is the ending of a hydrocarbon name that indicates an alcohol?
What is the ending of a hydrocarbon name that indicates an alcohol?
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What is the functional group that contains a -SH group attached to a tetrahedral carbon or an aromatic carbon?
What is the functional group that contains a -SH group attached to a tetrahedral carbon or an aromatic carbon?
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What is the name given to the functional group containing a carbonyl group bonded to a hydrogen and an R group?
What is the name given to the functional group containing a carbonyl group bonded to a hydrogen and an R group?
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What is the name given to the functional group containing a carbonyl group bonded to two alkyl or aromatic rings?
What is the name given to the functional group containing a carbonyl group bonded to two alkyl or aromatic rings?
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What is the name given to the functional group containing a carbonyl group bonded to a nitrogen atom?
What is the name given to the functional group containing a carbonyl group bonded to a nitrogen atom?
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What is the name given to the functional group containing a hydroxyl group directly attached to a benzene ring?
What is the name given to the functional group containing a hydroxyl group directly attached to a benzene ring?
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What is the name for a class of compounds containing an -NH2 group?
What is the name for a class of compounds containing an -NH2 group?
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Alkanes contain only single bonds which end in what suffix?
Alkanes contain only single bonds which end in what suffix?
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Alkenes contain one or more double bonds which end in what suffix?
Alkenes contain one or more double bonds which end in what suffix?
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What type of hydrocarbon has a specific six-carbon ring with three double bonds?
What type of hydrocarbon has a specific six-carbon ring with three double bonds?
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The general naming structure of hydrocarbons is ______ - ______ - ______.
The general naming structure of hydrocarbons is ______ - ______ - ______.
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Match the following prefixes with the number of carbon atoms they represent.
Match the following prefixes with the number of carbon atoms they represent.
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What does the suffix '-ane' indicate in hydrocarbon naming?
What does the suffix '-ane' indicate in hydrocarbon naming?
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The hydroxyl group (-OH) is referred to as a carboxyl group.
The hydroxyl group (-OH) is referred to as a carboxyl group.
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What functional group is present in a compound that ends in the suffix '-ol'?
What functional group is present in a compound that ends in the suffix '-ol'?
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Which of the following functional groups primarily relates to ammonia, NH3?
Which of the following functional groups primarily relates to ammonia, NH3?
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What functional group is characterized by an oxygen atom connected to two carbon atoms, represented as R-O-R?
What functional group is characterized by an oxygen atom connected to two carbon atoms, represented as R-O-R?
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What functional group is characterized by a sulfur atom connected to a carbon atom and a hydrogen atom, represented as R-SH?
What functional group is characterized by a sulfur atom connected to a carbon atom and a hydrogen atom, represented as R-SH?
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What functional group is present in compounds prepared from carboxylic acids and typically ends in '-oate'?
What functional group is present in compounds prepared from carboxylic acids and typically ends in '-oate'?
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What functional group is derived from carboxylic acids, and typically ends in '-amide'?
What functional group is derived from carboxylic acids, and typically ends in '-amide'?
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What functional group has a carbonyl group bonded to a hydrogen atom, and typically ends in '-al'?
What functional group has a carbonyl group bonded to a hydrogen atom, and typically ends in '-al'?
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What functional group has a carbonyl group bonded to two alkyl groups, and typically ends in '-one'?
What functional group has a carbonyl group bonded to two alkyl groups, and typically ends in '-one'?
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What type of reaction involves the breaking and forming of bonds to produce new products?
What type of reaction involves the breaking and forming of bonds to produce new products?
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The Law of Conservation of Mass states that atoms are destroyed in chemical reactions.
The Law of Conservation of Mass states that atoms are destroyed in chemical reactions.
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What must be equal on both the reactant and product sides of a balanced chemical equation?
What must be equal on both the reactant and product sides of a balanced chemical equation?
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What does the enthalpy of a reaction represent?
What does the enthalpy of a reaction represent?
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Which type of reaction releases heat and results in a negative enthalpy change?
Which type of reaction releases heat and results in a negative enthalpy change?
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Which type of reaction absorbs heat and results in a positive enthalpy change?
Which type of reaction absorbs heat and results in a positive enthalpy change?
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Solvation involves the interaction between a solute and a solvent, leading to the formation of a solution
Solvation involves the interaction between a solute and a solvent, leading to the formation of a solution
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Which of these methods is used to express concentration in terms of mass of solute per mass of solution?
Which of these methods is used to express concentration in terms of mass of solute per mass of solution?
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What does the concentration of a solution refer to?
What does the concentration of a solution refer to?
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What is the passage of water through a semipermeable membrane from a region of high water concentration to a region of low water concentration called?
What is the passage of water through a semipermeable membrane from a region of high water concentration to a region of low water concentration called?
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Which of the following is the pressure that needs to be applied to the more concentrated solution to prevent osmosis?
Which of the following is the pressure that needs to be applied to the more concentrated solution to prevent osmosis?
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Reverse osmosis occurs when the pressure applied is greater than the osmotic pressure, causing water to flow against the gradient.
Reverse osmosis occurs when the pressure applied is greater than the osmotic pressure, causing water to flow against the gradient.
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Which term refers to the concentration of a solution that has a higher solute concentration compared to another solution?
Which term refers to the concentration of a solution that has a higher solute concentration compared to another solution?
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Which term describes solutions that have the same concentration of solutes?
Which term describes solutions that have the same concentration of solutes?
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Which type of solution movement occurs from a higher solute concentration to a lower solute concentration?
Which type of solution movement occurs from a higher solute concentration to a lower solute concentration?
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Osmolarity represents the total concentration of all solute particles in a solution.
Osmolarity represents the total concentration of all solute particles in a solution.
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According to the Arrhenius definition, what do acids produce in water?
According to the Arrhenius definition, what do acids produce in water?
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Study Notes
Exam 2 Review - Chem SI 12/2
- Exam review session for Chem SI 12/2, Exam 2
- Date of review: 12/03/2024
- Instructor: Hallie Popat
Hydrocarbons
- Alkanes: Contain only single bonds. End in -ane. Example: C2H6
- Alkenes: Contain one or more double bonds. End in -ene. Example: C2H4
- Alkynes: Contain one or more triple bonds. End in -yne. Example: C2H2
- Aromatic: Hydrocarbons with a specific six-carbon ring with three double bonds. Example: C6H6
- Saturated hydrocarbons: Contain only single bonds.
- Unsaturated hydrocarbons: Contain double or triple bonds.
Naming
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Naming hydrocarbons uses a system of prefixes, roots, and endings: "prefix-root-ending".
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Prefixes: Indicate branched-chain substituents.
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Root: Number of carbon atoms in the parent chain.
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Ending: Ane (alkane), ene (alkene), or yne (alkyne).
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Branches off the main chain and location of double or triple bonds are crucial for naming the molecule.
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Roots associated with the number of carbon atoms are: -Meth: 1 -Eth: 2 -Prop: 3 -But: 4 -Pent: 5 -Hex: 6 -Hept: 7 -Oct: 8 -Non: 9 -Dec: 10
Functional Groups
- Alcohols: Compounds containing an -OH group (hydroxyl). End in -ol.
- Phenols: Hydroxyl group bonded to a benzene ring.
- Thiols: Compounds containing a sulfhydryl group (-SH). End in -thiol.
- Ethers: Contain an oxygen atom bonded to two carbon atoms. Example: R-O-R
- Amines: Compounds containing a nitrogen atom.
Functional Groups (Continued)
- Esters: Prepared from carboxylic acids. End in -oate. Example: RCOOR
- Amides: Derivatives of carboxylic acids with a nitrogen group replacing the hydroxyl.
- Aldehydes: Carbonyl group bonded to a hydrogen atom and an R-group. End in -al.
- Ketones: Carbonyl group bonded to two alkyl groups or aromatic rings. End in -one.
Stoichiometry Calculations
- For stoichiometry calculations, a flowchart approach is useful.
- Determine the given amount.
- Find the unknown amount, using molar masses and mole ratios.
Balancing Equations
- The Law of Conservation of Mass: Atoms are neither created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction.
- Balancing chemical equations ensures equal numbers of atoms of each element on both sides of the equation.
Energy Diagrams
- Energy diagrams: Show energy pathways in a reaction.
- Exothermic Reactions: Reactants have higher energy, energy is released when products are formed. ΔHrxn < 0
- Endothermic Reactions: Products have higher energy, energy is absorbed when products are formed. ΔHrxn > 0
Polar Solutes and Polar Solvents
- Polar solvents can dissolve polar solutes.
- Interactions include hydrogen bonding between the solute and solvent.
Solute Concentration
- Concentration = amount of solute in a given volume or mass of solution.
- Units: Mass/Volume, Mass/Volume percent, Molarity (moles of solute/liter of solution), Parts per billion (ppb), Parts per million (ppm)
Osmosis
- Osmosis is the movement of solvent (usually water) through a selectively permeable membrane to equalize concentrations, from a lower to higher concentrated solution.
- Osmotic pressure: Pressure required to prevent fluid movement.
- Reverse Osmosis: Pressure greater than osmotic pressure causes water to move against the gradient.
Tonicity
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Hypertonic solution: Higher solute concentration than another solution; water moves out of the cell
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Hypotonic solution: Lower solute concentration than another solution; water moves into the cell
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Isotonic: Equal solute concentration between solutions
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Osmosis and dialysis: Water moves from hypotonic solution to hypertonic to equalize concentration.
Arrhenius Acid-Base Definitions
- Arrhenius acids produce H3O+ (hydronium) ions
- Arrhenius bases produce OH- (hydroxide) ions
Brønsted-Lowry Acid-Base Definitions
- Brønsted-Lowry acids are proton donors (H+)
- Brønsted-Lowry bases are proton acceptors
- Acidic hydrogens are usually found at the start of the acid formula
- Key examples of acids: HCl, HC2H3O2
Acids and Bases Strength
- Strong Acids/Bases: Dissociate completely in water.
- Weak Acids/Bases: Dissociate partially in water and reversible reactions.
Le Châtelier's Principle
- If a change is imposed on a system at equilibrium, the system will shift to relieve the stress.
- Shifts equilibrium based on removal or addition of substances to either side of a solution. Addition/Removal of substance will effect the opposite side of the solution.
pH and Kw
- pH: Measure of the hydronium ion concentration in solution. Physiological pH is between 7.35 and 7.45.
- Kw: Ion-product constant for water ([H3O+][OH-]=1 × 10-14)
Buffers
- Buffers resistant to pH changes.
- Neutralizing small amounts of acid or base that are added.
- Composed of weak acid and its conjugate base, or weak base and its conjugate acid.
Problems
- Various problems relating to chemical concepts and calculations are present.
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Description
Prepare for your upcoming Chem SI 12/2 Exam 2 with this comprehensive review session. The focus is on understanding hydrocarbons, including alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, and their naming conventions. Join to clarify key concepts and ensure you're ready for the test.
