Podcast
Questions and Answers
What action should you take if the ammeter indicates a continuous discharge during flight?
What action should you take if the ammeter indicates a continuous discharge during flight?
- Check the circuit breaker
- The flight should be terminated and a landing made as soon as possible (correct)
- Turn off alternator; pull the circuit breaker (correct)
- All electrical equipment not essential to flight should be turned off (correct)
What action should be taken if the ammeter indicates a continuous charge inflight (more than two needle widths)?
What action should be taken if the ammeter indicates a continuous charge inflight (more than two needle widths)?
- Check the fuel levels
- All electrical equipment not essential to flight should be turned off (correct)
- The flight should be terminated and a landing made as soon as possible (correct)
- The alternator should be turned off; pull the circuit breaker (correct)
During a cross country flight, you notice that the oil pressure is low, but the oil temperature is normal. What should be the course of action?
During a cross country flight, you notice that the oil pressure is low, but the oil temperature is normal. What should be the course of action?
Landing at the nearest airport is advisable to check for the cause of trouble.
What procedures should be followed concerning a partial loss of power in flight?
What procedures should be followed concerning a partial loss of power in flight?
What procedures should be followed if an engine fire develops in flight?
What procedures should be followed if an engine fire develops in flight?
What procedures should be followed if an engine fire develops on the ground during starting?
What procedures should be followed if an engine fire develops on the ground during starting?
What instruments operate off the pitot/static system?
What instruments operate off the pitot/static system?
How does an altimeter work?
How does an altimeter work?
What are the limitations of a pressure altimeter?
What are the limitations of a pressure altimeter?
What is absolute altitude?
What is absolute altitude?
What is indicated altitude?
What is indicated altitude?
What is pressure altitude?
What is pressure altitude?
What is true altitude?
What is true altitude?
What is density altitude?
What is density altitude?
How does the airspeed indicator operate?
How does the airspeed indicator operate?
What is the limitation of the airspeed indicator?
What is the limitation of the airspeed indicator?
What are the errors associated with the airspeed indicator?
What are the errors associated with the airspeed indicator?
What are the different types of aircraft speeds?
What are the different types of aircraft speeds?
How does the vertical speed indicator work?
How does the vertical speed indicator work?
What are the limitations of the VSI?
What are the limitations of the VSI?
What instruments contain gyroscopes?
What instruments contain gyroscopes?
What are the two fundamental properties of a gyroscope?
What are the two fundamental properties of a gyroscope?
What are the various sources of power that may be used to power gyroscopic instruments?
What are the various sources of power that may be used to power gyroscopic instruments?
How does the vacuum system operate?
How does the vacuum system operate?
How does the attitude indicator work?
How does the attitude indicator work?
What are the limitations of the attitude indicator?
What are the limitations of the attitude indicator?
What are the errors of the attitude indicator?
What are the errors of the attitude indicator?
How does the heading indicator operate?
How does the heading indicator operate?
What type of engine does your aircraft have?
What type of engine does your aircraft have?
What is the horse power and engine rpm for your aircraft?
What is the horse power and engine rpm for your aircraft?
What type of propeller does your aircraft have?
What type of propeller does your aircraft have?
What type of fuel is approved for your aircraft and what are the associated fuel colors?
What type of fuel is approved for your aircraft and what are the associated fuel colors?
What is the total and usable fuel capacity for your aircraft?
What is the total and usable fuel capacity for your aircraft?
What type of oil does your aircraft use?
What type of oil does your aircraft use?
What is your aircraft's oil capacity?
What is your aircraft's oil capacity?
What is the max weight for your aircraft in the normal category?
What is the max weight for your aircraft in the normal category?
What is the VNE for your airplane?
What is the VNE for your airplane?
What is the VNO for your airplane?
What is the VNO for your airplane?
What is VA at max weight for your aircraft?
What is VA at max weight for your aircraft?
Does VA increase or decrease with a weight increase?
Does VA increase or decrease with a weight increase?
What is the VFE for your aircraft?
What is the VFE for your aircraft?
What is the short field obstacle clearance speed for your aircraft?
What is the short field obstacle clearance speed for your aircraft?
What is the obstacle clearance speed for 10 degrees of flaps, when taking off from a soft field?
What is the obstacle clearance speed for 10 degrees of flaps, when taking off from a soft field?
What are the procedures for an over-primed aircraft during starting procedures?
What are the procedures for an over-primed aircraft during starting procedures?
If the engine does not fire while starting what should you do?
If the engine does not fire while starting what should you do?
During a magneto check, what does a lack of RPM decrease indicate?
During a magneto check, what does a lack of RPM decrease indicate?
What precautions should be taken when taking off on loose gravel?
What precautions should be taken when taking off on loose gravel?
At what altitude should the mixture be leaned for takeoff?
At what altitude should the mixture be leaned for takeoff?
When should slips be avoided?
When should slips be avoided?
How many spark plugs does each cylinder have?
How many spark plugs does each cylinder have?
What type of carburetor does your aircraft have?
What type of carburetor does your aircraft have?
How is the engine cooled?
How is the engine cooled?
When the fuel gauges indicate E, how much fuel is left in each tank?
When the fuel gauges indicate E, how much fuel is left in each tank?
How is fuel measured in the aircraft?
How is fuel measured in the aircraft?
When should you examine the fuel in your aircraft?
When should you examine the fuel in your aircraft?
What type of brakes does your aircraft have?
What type of brakes does your aircraft have?
What are some symptoms of impending brake failure?
What are some symptoms of impending brake failure?
What action would build braking pressure?
What action would build braking pressure?
How is electrical energy applied to your aircraft?
How is electrical energy applied to your aircraft?
How many electrical buses does your aircraft have?
How many electrical buses does your aircraft have?
What connects the primary and avionics bus?
What connects the primary and avionics bus?
When is the primary bus on?
When is the primary bus on?
Why should the avionics power switch be in the off position prior to turning the master switch on/off, starting the engine or applying external power source?
Why should the avionics power switch be in the off position prior to turning the master switch on/off, starting the engine or applying external power source?
What type of master switch does the aircraft have?
What type of master switch does the aircraft have?
What happens if you place the ALT switch in the off position?
What happens if you place the ALT switch in the off position?
What does the ammeter on your aircraft do?
What does the ammeter on your aircraft do?
What does it mean if the red HIGH VOLTAGE light illuminates?
What does it mean if the red HIGH VOLTAGE light illuminates?
How can you reset the over-voltage sensor?
How can you reset the over-voltage sensor?
How does the alternate static source work?
How does the alternate static source work?
What does the vacuum system consist of and what does it provide suction for?
What does the vacuum system consist of and what does it provide suction for?
What is the best glide speed for your aircraft?
What is the best glide speed for your aircraft?
How are each of the six instruments in your airplane controlled?
How are each of the six instruments in your airplane controlled?
What four strokes must occur in each cylinder of a typical four-stroke engine for it to produce full power?
What four strokes must occur in each cylinder of a typical four-stroke engine for it to produce full power?
What does the carburetor do?
What does the carburetor do?
How does the carburetor heat system work?
How does the carburetor heat system work?
What change occurs to the fuel/air mixture when applying carburetor heat?
What change occurs to the fuel/air mixture when applying carburetor heat?
What does the mixture control do?
What does the mixture control do?
What type of ignition system does your airplane have and explain how the starting process works?
What type of ignition system does your airplane have and explain how the starting process works?
What are the two main advantages of a dual ignition system?
What are the two main advantages of a dual ignition system?
What type of fuel system does your airplane have?
What type of fuel system does your airplane have?
What is the purpose of the fuel tank vents?
What is the purpose of the fuel tank vents?
What is the function of the manual primer, and how does it operate?
What is the function of the manual primer, and how does it operate?
How are the circuits for the various electrical accessories within the aircraft protected?
How are the circuits for the various electrical accessories within the aircraft protected?
What does the electrical system provide power for in the airplane?
What does the electrical system provide power for in the airplane?
What function does the voltage regulator have?
What function does the voltage regulator have?
Why is the generator/alternator voltage output slightly higher than the battery voltage?
Why is the generator/alternator voltage output slightly higher than the battery voltage?
How does the aircraft cabin heat work?
How does the aircraft cabin heat work?
What are the five basic functions of aircraft oil?
What are the five basic functions of aircraft oil?
What causes carburetor icing and what are the first indications?
What causes carburetor icing and what are the first indications?
How can you determine that carburetor ice has been eliminated?
How can you determine that carburetor ice has been eliminated?
What conditions are favorable for carburetor icing?
What conditions are favorable for carburetor icing?
What is the difference between anti-icing equipment and de-icing equipment?
What is the difference between anti-icing equipment and de-icing equipment?
What is detonation?
What is detonation?
What are some of the most common operational causes of detonation?
What are some of the most common operational causes of detonation?
What actions should be taken if detonation is suspected?
What actions should be taken if detonation is suspected?
What is preignition?
What is preignition?
What action should be taken if preignition is suspected?
What action should be taken if preignition is suspected?
During the runup, you switch the magnetos from both to right position and notice there is no drop in RPM. What condition could this indicate?
During the runup, you switch the magnetos from both to right position and notice there is no drop in RPM. What condition could this indicate?
What does it mean if the ammeter indicates a right (positive) deflection?
What does it mean if the ammeter indicates a right (positive) deflection?
What does it mean if the ammeter indicates a left (negative) deflection?
What does it mean if the ammeter indicates a left (negative) deflection?
Flashcards
Lycoming Engine
Lycoming Engine
A normally aspirated four-cylinder engine with a displacement of 320 cu in.
Rated BHP
Rated BHP
The engine produces 160 rated brake horsepower at 2700 RPM.
Aviation Fuel Types
Aviation Fuel Types
Uses 100LL (blue) and 100 (green) aviation fuels.
Fuel Capacity
Fuel Capacity
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Oil Capacity
Oil Capacity
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Fuel System Type
Fuel System Type
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Fuel Tank Vents
Fuel Tank Vents
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Manual Primer
Manual Primer
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Normal Category Weight Limit
Normal Category Weight Limit
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VNE Speed
VNE Speed
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VA Speed
VA Speed
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VFE Speed
VFE Speed
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Best Glide Speed
Best Glide Speed
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Dual Ignition System
Dual Ignition System
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Starter Procedure
Starter Procedure
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Over-primed Engine Fix
Over-primed Engine Fix
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Battery Specs
Battery Specs
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Electrical Buses
Electrical Buses
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Ammeter Function
Ammeter Function
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Carburetor Heat System
Carburetor Heat System
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Detonation
Detonation
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Preignition
Preignition
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Brake System Type
Brake System Type
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Engine Fire On Ground
Engine Fire On Ground
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Altimeter Function
Altimeter Function
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Pressure Altimeter Limitations
Pressure Altimeter Limitations
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Altitude Definitions
Altitude Definitions
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Airspeed Indicator Operation
Airspeed Indicator Operation
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Gyroscope Properties
Gyroscope Properties
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Attitude Indicator Functionality
Attitude Indicator Functionality
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VSI Limitations
VSI Limitations
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Study Notes
Aircraft Engine and Fuel System
- Equipped with a Lycoming, normally aspirated, four-cylinder engine with a displacement of 320 cu.in.
- Engine produces 160 rated BHP at 2700 RPM.
- Uses 100LL (blue) and 100 (green) grade aviation fuels.
- Total fuel capacity is 43 gallons, with 40 gallons usable.
- Oil capacity is 8 quarts, utilizing MIL-L-22851 Ashless Dispersant Oil.
- Gravity feed fuel system with two float-type fuel quantity transmitters.
- Fuel tank vents prevent vacuum formation as fuel levels drop.
- Manual primer aids in starting by injecting fuel directly into cylinder intake ports.
Aircraft Performance and Limitations
- Maximum weight for normal category is 2300 lbs.
- VNE (Never Exceed Speed) is 160 KIAS; VNO (Maximum Structural Cruising Speed) is 128 KIAS.
- VA (Maneuvering Speed) at max weight is 97 KIAS; VA increases with weight.
- VFE (Maximum Flap Extended Speed) is 85 KIAS.
- Short field obstacle clearance speed is 59 KIAS (no flaps) and 55 KIAS (10 degrees of flaps).
- Best glide speed is 65 KIAS.
Engine and Starting Procedures
- Engine utilizes dual ignition system with two spark plugs per cylinder for increased safety and combustion efficiency.
- Starting procedure involves engaging starter motor which turns the propeller and activates magnetos to ignite the fuel-air mixture.
- Over-primed engine requires mixture control set to full lean and throttle to full open before cranking.
- Under-primed engine requires additional priming for successful start.
Electrical System
- Powered by a 28-volt, direct-current system with a 60 amp alternator and 24-volt, 14-amp hour battery.
- Two electrical buses: Primary and Avionics, connected by the avionics power switch.
- Ammeter indicates current flow; right deflection shows charging from alternator, while left deflection indicates a discharge condition.
- Continuous overcharge requires turning off the alternator to prevent battery overheating.
Carburetor and Fuel Mixture
- Up-draft, float-type, fixed jet carburetor, ensuring fuel and air mix properly.
- Carburetor heat system enriches mixture by introducing heated air, effective when colder temperatures lead to icing.
- Carburetor icing can cause a drop in RPM; it's favored by temperatures below 70°F and high humidity.
Engine Operation Concerns
- Detonation results from explosive ignition, often caused by low-grade fuel or excessive power settings; requires power reduction and mixture enrichment if suspected.
- Preignition leads to premature ignition of the fuel-air mixture; similar corrective actions apply if suspected.
- Low oil pressure with normal oil temperature indicates possible oil insufficiency or gauge malfunction; landing advised.
Flight Maneuvers and Safety
- Avoid slips with flaps greater than 20 degrees to maintain control.
- Full power during takeoff on loose gravel must be smooth to prevent debris ingestion.
- Mixture should be leaned above 3000 feet to optimize performance.
Brake System
- Single-disc, hydraulically-actuated brakes on each main wheel; symptoms of brake failure include noisy or weak braking action.
- Braking pressure can be built by pumping the pedals.### Engine Fire Procedures In-Flight
- Set mixture control to idle cut off to stop fuel flow.
- Turn fuel selector valve to off to prevent fuel supply.
- Switch master switch to off to cut electrical power.
- Turn off cabin heat and air vents; leave overhead vents open for evacuation.
- Maintain airspeed of 100 KIAS and increase descent to mitigate fire risks.
- Follow forced landing procedures checklist to ensure a safe landing.
Engine Fire Procedures On Ground
- Continue attempts to start the engine as it may help reduce flames by drawing in fire.
- If the engine starts, increase RPM briefly and then shut it down.
- If the engine does not start, set throttle to full open and mixture to idle cut off while continuing to attempt starting.
- If fire persists, turn ignition switch and master switch off, then set fuel selector to off.
- Evacuate the aircraft immediately and secure fire extinguishing assistance.
Pitot/Static System Instruments
- Instruments operational via pitot/static system include altimeter, airspeed indicator, and vertical speed indicator (VSI).
Altimeter Functionality
- Altimeter utilizes aneroid wafers that expand/contract with atmospheric pressure changes, moving pointers to indicate altitude.
Limitations of Pressure Altimeter
- Nonstandard pressure and temperature can cause incorrect altitude readings.
- Warm temperature results in lower indicated altitude.
- Cold temperature results in higher indicated altitude.
- Higher than standard pressure leads to lower indicated altitude; lower pressure results in higher indicated altitude.
Altitude Definitions
- Absolute Altitude: Vertical distance above ground level.
- Indicated Altitude: Displayed altitude on the altimeter after current settings.
- Pressure Altitude: Altitude with altimeter set to 29.92 inHg.
- True Altitude: Actual altitude above sea level (Mean Sea Level - MSL).
- Density Altitude: Pressure altitude adjusted for nonstandard temperature variations.
Airspeed Indicator Operation
- The airspeed indicator measures differential pressure between impact pressure (pitot head) and static pressure from the static source.
Limitations of Airspeed Indicator
- Accurate measurements depend on proper airflow to the pitot/static system.
Airspeed Indicator Errors
- Position Error: Incorrect static pressure measurement from disturbed airflow around static ports.
- Density Error: Instrument does not compensate for altitude and temperature variations.
- Compressibility Error: Increased air speed at high speeds leads to packed air in the pitot tube, showing inflated readings.
Types of Aircraft Speeds
- Indicated Air Speed (IAS): Directly observed speed on airspeed indicator.
- Calibrated Air Speed (CAS): IAS corrected for instrument and position errors.
- Equivalent Air Speed (EAS): IAS corrected for position error and compressibility at altitude.
- True Air Speed (TAS): CAS adjusted for altitude and nonstandard temperature, representing actual speed through air mass.
Vertical Speed Indicator (VSI)
- VSI operates as a pressure differential instrument, responding to changes in static pressure as the aircraft ascends or descends.
VSI Limitations
- Inaccurate readings until aircraft stabilizes; a lag of 6 to 9 seconds may occur.
Gyroscope-Operated Instruments
- Instruments powered by gyroscopes include turn coordinator, heading indicator, and attitude indicator.
Gyroscope Properties
- Rigidity in Space: Gyroscopes maintain a fixed position in the plane of rotation.
- Precession: Gyros respond to forces at a 90-degree delay, influenced by rotor speed and deflective forces.
Gyroscopic Instrument Power Sources
- Powered by vacuum, pressure, or electricity; varies in specific aircraft configurations.
Vacuum System Operation
- Engine-driven vacuum pump creates suction, pulling air from instrument cases; filters and vents into the cockpit.
Attitude Indicator Functionality
- Gyro mounted horizontally provides attitude information; changes in aircraft pitch/bank do not affect gyro's fixed position.
Attitude Indicator Limitations
- Exceeding pitch/bank limits can lead to erroneous indications until reset.
Attitude Indicator Errors
- Minor errors may occur, such as a slight nose up indication during rapid acceleration.
Heading Indicator Operation
- Gyro-rotor turns vertically with compass card fixed relative to the rotor, keeping cardinal points consistent to vertical reference.
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Description
Prepare for your checkride with this flashcard quiz covering essential Cessna 172N airplane systems. Test your knowledge on engine specifications, propeller types, and other critical information needed for your flight. Enhance your understanding and increase your confidence before the big day.