Questions and Answers
There are three generations of seed: Breeder seed, Foundation seed, and ______.
Certified seed
Varietal seed production requires ______ parent multiplication.
Single
Hybrid seed production needs ______ to many parents.
two
Orthodox seeds can withstand freezing injury and ______.
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Recalcitrant seeds lose viability quickly when dried to moisture under ______%.
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Production care for hybrid seeds is ______ compared to varietal seeds.
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Certified seed is meant for general distribution to ______ seed growers only.
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The tag size for Buff coloured seed is ______ cm.
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Yield is ______ in hybrid seed production compared to varietal.
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Orthodox seeds remain viable for a long time at low temperature if moisture is brought down to ______% or less.
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Study Notes
Storage Substance of Seed
- Different crops have specific storage substances:
- Rice: Oryzein
- Wheat: Glutenin
- Barley: Hordein
- Maize: Zein
- Pea: Legumin
- Soybean: Nodulin
- Sunflower: Inulin
- Grain legumes: Phaseolin
Characteristics of Good Quality Seed
Genetic Purity
- Genetic purity ensures true seed types and is vital for yield.
- Purity percentages for different seed classes:
- Breeder/Nucleus: 100%
- Foundation Seed: 99.5%
- Certified Seed: 99.0%
Physical Purity
- Affects overall seed quality by maintaining a high pure seed content.
- Recommended physical purity:
- Carrot: 95%
- Okra & Watermelon: 99%
- Groundnut: 96%
- Rapeseed, Mustard, etc.: 97%
Pure Seed Percentage
- Specific crops require distinct pure seed percentages for optimal quality:
- Bhindi: 99%
- Other crops: 98%
- Sesame, Soybean & Jute: 97%
- Groundnut: 96%
Designated Inseparable Other Crop Seed
- Specific crops have designated inseparable seeds:
- Barley: Wheat, Oats, Gram
- Wheat: Barley, Oats, Gram
- Oats: Wheat, Barley, Gram
Seed Technology
- Focuses on improving genetic and physical seed characteristics through various methods, including:
- Variety development
- Evaluation and release
- Seed production and processing
- Certification
- Key figures in seed technology:
- Dr. Robb Fraley: Father of Seed Technology
- Fredrick Nobbe: Father of Seed Testing
- Paul Neergaard: Father of Seed Pathology
Classes of Seed
- Defined by the Association of Official Seed Certifying Agencies (AOSCA):
- Breeder, Foundation, and Certified seed are key classes.
- Breeder seed is 100% pure and directly produced from nucleus seeds.
Seed Structure
- The seed contains an embryo, endosperm, and seed coat.
- Monocots have one cotyledon, while dicots have two.
- Endosperm types include:
- Albuminous seeds: Retain endosperm post-maturation (monocots).
- Exalbuminous seeds: Lack endosperm post-maturation (dicots).
- Seed coat consists of two layers, protecting the embryo.
Seed Appendages
- Key seed appendages observed in various crops:
- Awn: Paddy
- Hilum: Pulses
- Caruncle: Castor, Tapioca
- Aril: Nutmeg
Seed Germination
- Hypogeal germination: Cotyledons remain below ground; seen in monocots and some legumes.
- Epigeal germination: Cotyledons rise above ground; seen in many dicots.
Classification of Seed
- Usage classification includes cereals, oil seeds, pulses, and vegetables.
- Cotyledon and endosperm classifications differentiate between monocots and dicots.
Pollination
- Pollen transfer can occur via self-pollination (within the same flower) or cross-pollination (between different flowers).
- Various methods of pollen dissemination:
- Wind: Anemophily
- Water: Hydrophily
- Insects: Entomophily
- Birds: Ornithophily
Fertilization
- Involves fusion of male and female gametes to form an embryo.
- Double fertilization in angiosperms involves two male nuclei.
Seed Certification
- Classification and integrity of seeds are maintained through proper certification, with tags indicating genetic purity.
- Common seed categories include:
- Nucleus seed: 100% genetic purity, no tag.
- Breeder seed: 100% genetic purity, golden yellow tag.
- Foundation seed: 99.5% purity, white tag.
Seed Production Systems
- Two main systems for seed production:
- Varietal: Single parent, lower yield and profit, managed via open pollination.
- Hybrid: Multiple parents, managed control pollination, higher yield and profit.
Categories of Seeds
Based on Storage Behaviour
- Orthodox seeds: Long viability, drought-resistant, can withstand freezing.
- Recalcitrant seeds: Quick loss of viability, cannot withstand low temperatures.
Seed Tag Information
- Different tag colors denote various seed classes and certification statuses.
- Buff for breeder seed, golden yellow for foundation seed, azure blue for certified seed, all indicating their suitability and production restrictions.
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Description
This quiz focuses on the essential characteristics that define good quality seeds, including their storage substances and genetic purity. Understand the specific storage substances of various crops and the importance of genetic purity in seed quality. Test your knowledge on key terms and concepts related to seed quality.
