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Questions and Answers
What is the minimum genetic purity percentage for Certified seed?
What is the minimum genetic purity percentage for Certified seed?
Which crop requires a minimum physical purity of 99%?
Which crop requires a minimum physical purity of 99%?
Which class of seed has the highest genetic purity requirement?
Which class of seed has the highest genetic purity requirement?
What is the minimum pure seed percentage for bhindi?
What is the minimum pure seed percentage for bhindi?
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What should the physical purity percentage be maintained at according to standards?
What should the physical purity percentage be maintained at according to standards?
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Which crop has the lowest requirement for physical purity?
Which crop has the lowest requirement for physical purity?
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Which designated inseparable crop seed is associated with wheat?
Which designated inseparable crop seed is associated with wheat?
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Which seed type has the highest genetic purity?
Which seed type has the highest genetic purity?
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What is the physical purity percentage of Foundation Seed?
What is the physical purity percentage of Foundation Seed?
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Which seed type requires certification and is meant for general distribution?
Which seed type requires certification and is meant for general distribution?
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Which seed type is produced under the supervision of research scientists at the National Seed Corporation?
Which seed type is produced under the supervision of research scientists at the National Seed Corporation?
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What is the seed tag color for Certified Seed?
What is the seed tag color for Certified Seed?
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Which of the following statements about Breeder Seed is true?
Which of the following statements about Breeder Seed is true?
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Which seed type has the lowest genetic purity?
Which seed type has the lowest genetic purity?
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Which seed class is produced directly from the breeder's nucleus seed?
Which seed class is produced directly from the breeder's nucleus seed?
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What is the color tag associated with breeder seed?
What is the color tag associated with breeder seed?
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Who is recognized as the father of seed technology?
Who is recognized as the father of seed technology?
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What class of seed is produced at government farms or by private seed producers, derived from breeder seeds?
What class of seed is produced at government farms or by private seed producers, derived from breeder seeds?
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Which vegetable crop is noted for its higher exam price, according to the data provided?
Which vegetable crop is noted for its higher exam price, according to the data provided?
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Which of the following crops is classified as a cross-pollinated crop?
Which of the following crops is classified as a cross-pollinated crop?
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What is the primary activity involved in seed production?
What is the primary activity involved in seed production?
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What type of seeds are classified as non-endospermic?
What type of seeds are classified as non-endospermic?
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Which of the following represents a type of germination where the cotyledons remain below the soil?
Which of the following represents a type of germination where the cotyledons remain below the soil?
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What process involves the fusion of two male nuclei in angiosperms?
What process involves the fusion of two male nuclei in angiosperms?
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Which of the following types of pollination involves snails as the pollinating agent?
Which of the following types of pollination involves snails as the pollinating agent?
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Which type of seed storage behavior is characterized by seeds that cannot withstand drying and must be used quickly after maturity?
Which type of seed storage behavior is characterized by seeds that cannot withstand drying and must be used quickly after maturity?
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What is the primary function of synergids found in the embryo sac?
What is the primary function of synergids found in the embryo sac?
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Which of the following examples illustrates an organism capable of ornithophily?
Which of the following examples illustrates an organism capable of ornithophily?
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What is the primary distinction between monocotyledons and dicotyledons in terms of seed structure?
What is the primary distinction between monocotyledons and dicotyledons in terms of seed structure?
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Which of the following describes exalbuminous seeds?
Which of the following describes exalbuminous seeds?
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What type of germination is characterized by the elongation of the epicotyl while the cotyledons remain below ground?
What type of germination is characterized by the elongation of the epicotyl while the cotyledons remain below ground?
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Which seed appendage is associated with paddy?
Which seed appendage is associated with paddy?
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What is a defining feature of bitegmic ovules?
What is a defining feature of bitegmic ovules?
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Which type of seed contains liquid endosperm?
Which type of seed contains liquid endosperm?
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Which is NOT a reserved food material in seeds?
Which is NOT a reserved food material in seeds?
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Which seed production method requires more isolation distance?
Which seed production method requires more isolation distance?
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What characteristic is true for orthodox seeds?
What characteristic is true for orthodox seeds?
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What is the main purpose of buff colour tags in seed certification?
What is the main purpose of buff colour tags in seed certification?
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Which seed storage condition is true for recalcitrant seeds?
Which seed storage condition is true for recalcitrant seeds?
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Which of the following statements about hybrid seed production is NOT true?
Which of the following statements about hybrid seed production is NOT true?
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Which factor differentiates orthodox seeds from recalcitrant seeds?
Which factor differentiates orthodox seeds from recalcitrant seeds?
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Which tag color indicates the production of foundation seeds meant for general distribution?
Which tag color indicates the production of foundation seeds meant for general distribution?
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What feature is characteristic of hybrid seed production?
What feature is characteristic of hybrid seed production?
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Which statement about the propagation of varietal seeds is accurate?
Which statement about the propagation of varietal seeds is accurate?
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What is the primary benefit of using hybrid seeds compared to varietal seeds?
What is the primary benefit of using hybrid seeds compared to varietal seeds?
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Study Notes
Genetic Purity
- Genetic purity ensures seeds are true to type and carry intended traits from breeders.
- High genetic purity directly influences yield.
- Genetic purity standards:
- Breeder/ nucleus seed: 100%
- Foundation seed: 99.5%
- Certified seed: 99.0%
Physical Purity
- Refers to the composition and cleanliness of seed lots.
- A higher proportion of pure seed correlates with better quality.
- Ideal physical purity is maintained at 96-98%.
- Seeds should be uniform in size and shape, free from damage.
- Minimum physical purity for crops:
- Carrot: 95%
- Okra and cucurbits: 99%
- Groundnut: 96%
- Other crops: 97%
Seed Technology
- Seed technology involves enhancing genetic and physical characteristics through methods like variety development, production, processing, and certification.
- Seed production requires systematic crop management from purchase to harvest.
- Key figures in seed technology:
- Dr. Robb Fraley: Father of seed technology
- Fredrick Nobbe: Father of seed testing
- Paul Neergaard: Father of seed pathology
Classes of Seed
- The Indian seed program follows a three-generation system of multiplication: breeder, foundation, and certified seed.
- Nuclear seed is the initial seed for variety development.
- Breeder seed is produced from nucleus seed with 100% genetic purity.
- Foundation seed has a genetic purity of 99.5% and is produced from breeder seeds.
- Certified seed has a genetic purity of 99% and is produced from foundation seeds.
Seed Types
- Nucleus Seed: 100% genetic purity, produced by breeders, limited in quantity.
- Breeder Seed: 100% genetic purity, produced at research farms.
- Foundation Seed: 99.5% genetic purity, produced under supervision, known as "mother seed."
- Certified Seed: 99% genetic purity, produced for general distribution by registered farmers.
Seed Structure and Germination
- Embryo: Immature plant; monocots have one seed leaf, dicots have two.
- Endosperm: Provides nutritional support during germination; varies between albuminous and non-albuminous seeds.
- Seed Coat: Protects the embryo; can be unitegmic or bitegmic.
- Germination types:
- Hypogeal: Cotyledons remain below ground (e.g., maize).
- Epigeal: Cotyledons emerge above ground (e.g., beans).
Pollination and Fertilization
- Pollination can be self (autogamy) or cross (allogamy).
- Methods of pollen grain dissemination include wind (anemophily), water (hydrophily), and insects (entomophily).
- Fertilization leads to embryo formation and occurs via fusion of male and female gametes, with double fertilization involving two male nuclei.
Seed Production Methods
- Varietal seed production: single parent multiplication, lower yield and profit, less isolation.
- Hybrid seed production: multiple parents, higher yield and profit, requires managed pollination.
Seed Classifications Based on Storage Behavior
- Orthodox Seeds: Long-term viability, can tolerate low moisture and temperature, suitable for ex-situ conservation.
- Recalcitrant Seeds: Short viability at low moisture, sensitive to freezing, suitable for in-situ conservation.
Seed Tagging
- Tags denote certification status and quality:
- Buff: Breeder seed for internal use.
- Golden Yellow: Foundation seed for general distribution.
- White: Certified seed for progressive growers.
- Azure Blue: Certified seed for farming distribution.
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Description
This quiz focuses on the essential characteristics of good quality seed, emphasizing genetic and physical purity. Understand the standards for different classes of seeds and their impact on agricultural yields. Test your knowledge on what makes seed quality critical in plant breeding.
