Chapter IV: Rizal's First Trip Abroad

Chapter IV: Rizal's First Trip Abroad

• This chapter discusses Rizal's continued studies in Europe, introducing the people and places that became part of his life abroad.
• Rizal learned various knowledge, cultures, and ways of life in Europe that he could share with his fellow Filipinos. Goals include:

Learning Objectives:

• Understanding the culture of each country the hero traveled to.
• Connecting the traditions, economy, and politics etc, of a country to home
• Comprehending the value of these learnings for the advancement and change in the country.

Decision to Go Abroad

• Jose decided to finish his medical studies in Madrid during his fourth year of studies.
• Paciano and Leonor's father supported this decision.
• Rizal wanted to finish his studies in Europe for several reasons:
  • He disliked the teaching methods at UST.
  • He wanted to specialize in medicine to cure his mother's eyes.
  • He desired to witness and study the situation of his country in European countries.
  • He wanted to study the reasons for the proliferation of cancer in various areas of life in the Philippines.
  • He wanted to think of a way to convey to the country. and the Spanish government the changes needed in the Philippines.
• Paciano saw his younger brother Rizal as progressive and liberal.
• Paciano, coming from a generation of liberal youth during the time of the former liberal Governor-General Carlos Ma. de la Torre, wished to fulfill this aspiration.
• At the age of 31, Paciano took over the management of the farmlands from their father.
• Paciano allocated funds for his younger brother Rizal to study in Europe.
• Jose secretly left, using the passport name "Jose Mercado."
• He did not inform his parents, especially his mother, knowing that she would not allow it.
• He mentioned his plan to Paciano, his uncle Antonio Rivera, his sisters Neneng and Lucia, to the Valenzuela family, to Pedro Paterno, to his close friend Mateo Evangelista, to the Jesuit priests of Ateneo and some close friends like Chengoy (Jose M. Cecilio).
• Paciano, who had his own land and income, paid for Jose's fare and promised to provide a monthly allowance.
• Some of Jose's close friends processed his passport.
• The Jesuit priest sent letters of recommendation to members of their society in Barcelona.
• Jose even wrote a farewell letter to his parents expressing his apology for keeping his departure a secret.
• He left a short poem for his sweetheart Leonor Rivera, containing his farewell.

Things Done Before Leaving

• Visited Saturnina to get the diamond ring but she was asleep.
• Visited the professors at Ateneo where he was given a letter of recommendation for the Jesuit priests in Barcelona.
• Visited Pedro A. Paterno and gave him a letter of recommendation for his friend Esquivel.
• Went to Henry, a Frenchman and owner of Bazar Pilipino, to get his travel ticket, accompanied by Antonio Rivera.
• Visited Leonor Rivera but did not mention his departure.
• Attended mass at the church of Sto. Domingo.

Voyage by Sea

• Paciano did not escort Rizal.
• He gave his brother P356 and his uncle Antonio Rivera escorted him along with two friends who accompanied Rizal to board the ship.
• Rizal left Manila aboard the ship Salvadora, captained by Donato Lecha. On May 3, 1882.
• Rizal sailed for six days until reaching the Port of Singapore, which was then an English colony, on May 9, 1882.
• Rizal stayed at the Hotel de la Paz, now the Peninsula-Excelsior Hotel in Singapore
• Rizal stayed in Singapore for two days and toured the island
• Rizal saw colonial buildings and structures, especially along the Singapore River
• He visited the Botanical Gardens, which still could still be found in Singapore today.
• Rizal was amazed by the roads with trees on both sides which you can still find in Singapore today.
• He boarded a French ship named SS Djemnah bound for Europe, which was scheduled to leave on May 11, 1882.
• After six days of sailing from Singapore, the first stop of the ship SS Djemnah on May 17, 1882.
• It was Point de Galle, a port in the island of Ceylon, now Sri Lanka.
• Rizal stayed at the Oriental Hotel to tour the place before sailing again the next day.
• The second stop was the port of Colombo, still in the island of Ceylon
• The passengers such as Rizal had the opportunity to disembark.
• The ship crossed the Indian Ocean and reached the port of Aden in Yemen in the Middle East on May 27, 1882.
• As the ship sailed again, it passed through the Red Sea and the Suez Canal.
• Port Said in Egypt was the fourth stop of the ship on June 7, 1882 before reaching Europe.

Lesson 2: Naples and Marseilles.

• The ship crossed the Mediterranean Sea until reaching the port of Naples in Italy
• Rizal visited it on June 11, 1882.
• Afterward, the ship set sail for the port of Marseilles in France.
• The journey of Rizal at sea ended in France on June 12, 1882.
• Rizal spent 40 days travelling on the sea.
• The next day after docking in Marseilles, Rizal disembarked from the ship and stayed at Hotel Noalles.
• He toured the city where he visited the Chateau d'lf mentioned in the novel Count of Montecristo.
• He stayed in the city for two days before heading to the city of Barcelona in Spain by train on June 15, 1882.
• According to Rizal, Marseilles is the oldest trading city.
• He admired the liveliness of the people and the beauty of the scenery.
• He visited Mr. and Mrs. Salazar and toured the Museum.

Lesson 3: Barcelona And Madrid

Life in Spain

• When Rizal arrived in Barcelona on June 16, 1882, it was summertime in Spain, where is from June to August so schools were on vacation.
• He stayed at the Fonda de España hotel where he was warmly welcomed by Rizal's former classmates in Ateneo
• From September 12, 1882, to May 1883, Rizal first lived near the Universidad Central de Madrid with a long-time friend from Rizal's Ateneo years, Vicente Gonzales.
• Rizal changed boarding houses several times with some friends, sharing the expenses in their residence in Madrid.
• Rizal found that many people in Madrid had misconceptions about the Philippines and did not know the Filipino identity.
• Filipinos were often mistaken for Chinese, and many young students did not know whether the Philippines belonged to England or Spain.
• Rizal recounted in his letter to his sister Trinidad that someone once asked if the Philippines was far from Manila.
• Living in Madrid was expensive.
• Rizal learned to make do with the P50 monthly allowance he received from his family from the Philippines, unlike the inexpensive Barcelona.
• Rizal lived thriftily and disciplined his spending.
• In a letter to Paciano, Rizal described the cost of living in Madrid with a P50 allowance

Family Problems

• It takes 40 to 45 days for letters to arrive between Spain and the Philippines.

Spread of Plague

• One of the first news that Rizal received in Spain was the outbreak of cholera in Manila, mentioned by Paciano in his letter to Rizal dated July 24, 1882
• Subsequent letters from Rizal's family reported the continued spread of the plague to nearby provinces and the recorded cases of beriberi.
• In Paciano's letter to Rizal dated September 15, 1883, it was said that 15 people were dying from cholera every day.

Sugar Crisis

• A year after Rizal's arrival in Europe, the price of sugar in the world market crashed in 1883.
• This was due to the overproduction of sugar, also because of the more abundant harvest of sugar from sugar beets in Europe compared to sugar from cane from the colonies.
• The Rizal family affected. Many sugar cane crops were not sold by the Rizal family because of the low demand in the market.

Increase in Land Rent

• Not only did the drop in the price of sugar affect the livelihood in the farm but also the damage to the crops due to typhoon.
• To make matters worse for the Rizal family's financial problems was the difficulty in keeping up with the increase in land rent.
• Due to financial problems, the family's monthly allowance to Rizal decreased.

Financial Difficulties

• During that time of severe financial hardship, a wealthy Filipino named Valentin Ventura, who lived in Madrid, a friend of Rizal, was able to lend him money.
• Even the Jesuits there lent him money.
• Rizal mentioned in his letter to his family about the remaining P25 he owed to the Jesuits.
• Even Rizal's family was mired in debt of 4,000 from the purchase of needed machinery for farming and losses of more than 3,000
• According to Paciano's letter to Rizal, the family did not have a single peseta since June and that letter of Paciano was dated November 8, 1884.
• If not from the income from the sale of the farm crops, the siblings of Rizal had their own ways of contributing.
• The eldest sibling Saturnina sent her diamond ring to be pawned by Rizal if he was in need of money.
• His brother Paciano also mentioned the sale of Rizal's horse for 200.
• Rizal was forced not only to be thrifty but also to look for ways to earn to make up for the lack of expenses
• Rizal said in his letter dated December 17, 1884, that he had not been sent allowance for three months.
• As early as November 1884, Rizal was presenting to the family that he would just return to the Philippines so as not to be a burden anymore to the financial problems and to work and help the family.
• Rizal also anticipated the further deterioration of the sugar situation for the Philippines in the fierce competition of sugar in the global market.

Love for the Native Land

• In Barcelona in June 1882, Rizal wrote his first essay from abroad
• He wrote "Amor Patrio" (Love of the Native Land) under the pen name Laong-Laan.
• He sent this article to his friend Basilio Teodoro Moran, the publisher of Diariong Tagalog, the first newspaper in Manila that was in Spanish and Tagalog, and was published on August 20, 1882.
• Marcelo H. del Pilar did the Tagalog translation.
• This was followed by the publication of another article titled Los Viajes and the one that did not reach publication, the article titled Revista de Madrid (Madrid Review) because the newspaper closed.

Circle of Spaniards and Filipinos

• A group of liberal Spaniards and Filipino students in Madrid established an organization called Circulo Hispano Filipino led by Juan Atayde, a former Spanish Army official in the Philippines, a creole with Spanish and Mexican blood born in the Philippines.
• Rizal joined the organization.
• Meetings were sometimes held at the house of a Spaniard named Don Ortiga, former mayor of Manila during the time of former Governor-General Carlos Ma. de la Torre who was appointed chairman of the Consejo de Filipinas and advisor to the government in Spain.
• Those gatherings the problems and political topics about the situation and welfare of the Philippines.
• The organization also released a magazine called Revista del Circulo Hispano Filipino.
• Rizal met Don Pablo's two daughters, Pilar and Consuelo.
• Consuelo was the "town crush" of the young Filipino students including Rizal
• Many of Rizal's Filipino companions, including him, courted Consuelo.
• According to her diary, she met Rizal on September 16, 1882. Eduardo de Lete, a mestizo Spaniard was Rizal's rival in courting the woman.
• The woman chose Rizal's rival Eduardo de Lete who secretly became Rizal's enemy.
• Two years later, Rizal could not understand this so when he asked Consuelo what she thought of him, she answered that as friends.
• Rizal expressed his feelings for Consuelo in a poem with the title "A la Señorita C.O.y R.” (To Miss Consuelo Ortiga y Rey).
• Despite leaving his sweetheart in the Philippines, Leonor Rivera, when Rizal went to Europe in 1882, it seemed that she only became his girlfriend three years after his love affair with Consuelo Ortiga.
• In Rizal's letter to his friend Jose "Chenggoy" Cecilio dated April 18, 1885, Rizal asked which of the two Leonors in the Philippines he should choose to be with in life.
• Chenggoy congratulated Rizal for choosing Leonor Rivera instead of Leonor Valenzuela.
• Rizal had told Chenggoy in a letter dated February 26, 1885 that Chenggoy should just marry Leonor Rivera instead of seeing Rizal marry Leonor to someone else.
• The Circulo Hispano-Filipino was eventually dissolved due to lack of funds and poor management.
• There was no clear direction due to differing views over matters and conflicting decisions.

Toast to Success

• Rizal attended a celebration for the victory of Juan Luna and Felix Resurrreccion Hidalgo from the Exposicion Nacional de Bellas Artes in Madrid.
• Luna won the first prize for his Spoliarium, while Hidalgo won the second prize for his Virgenes Cristianas Expuestas al Populacho.
• Rizal gave a speech at the event, his first public address, in praise of Filipinos excelling in painting.

Continued Studies

• Rizal spent almost three months in Barcelona before going to Madrid.
• On September 12, 1882, he enrolled at the Universidad Central de Madrid.
• He enrolled in philosophy and literature courses as well as medicine.
• He registered at the Colegio de San Carlos of the said university.
• One of the professors at this university was Dr. Miguel Morayta, a Spanish liberal who was an ally of the Filipino students.
• He was a professor of history and defender of academic freedom and became Rizal's professor.
• While continuing his studies at the university, Rizal also continued to study painting and sculpture at the Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando under the tutelage of Carlos Haes.
• He also trained in shooting and fencing at the Sala de Armas de Sanz y Carbonell.
• He also learned to speak English, French and German at the cultural institution Ateneo Cietifico, Literario y Artistico de Madrid or Ateneo de Madrid.

Activists And Protests

• The turmoil at the university broke out.
• Rizal said it in a letter to his parents about what he witnessed on November 20, 1884
• The Bishop excommunicated Professor Miguel Morayta because of his speech defending academic freedom and science.
• This was followed by a large-scale protest by students who were injured and arrested by the police.
• The police raided the University while Rizal was in class.
• The rector Francisco de la Pisa Pajares and another professor were arrested.
• Rizal was forced to disguise himself.
• The university was closed and when it opened, the police were scattered by order of the rector.
• The jail was full of students
• Rizal and friend Valentin Ventura almost got arrested if they had not escaped
• Rizal said that knowledge and the professor should be free.
• Rizal was against the new appointed rector and was also an active student.

Graduation and Passing

• Rizal finished his program for Licenciado en Medicina with a general grade of Aprobado
• He finished his program for Licenciado en Filisofia y Letras with a general grade of Sobresaliente.
• Having a license in philosphy and letters enabled Rizal to teach humanities in any Spanish university.
• He pursued medicine so he could be a doctor.
• Despite having graduated from medicine at the age of 24 and being able to practice medicine, he studied additional courses in the desire to specialize in medicine by graduating degree.
• Rizal did not finish his doctocrate studies because he could not afford it. But it was enough he didnt need a P.H.D to heal people.

Specializing in Paris

• Rizal first went to Paris during the summer vacation of 1883.
• He toured the city and visited hospitals.
• He observed equipment, treatments, and patient examination.
• Rizal returned to Paris to specialize in ophthalmology or eye treatment.
• Ophthalmology was not a formal program at the time.
• Rizal became one of the best ophthalmologists because his tutor was a leading ophthalmologist in Europe, Dr. Louis de Wecker.
• Dr. de Wecker was known for his expertise in eye treatment.
• Rizal trained for four months, assisting in eye surgeries at Dr. Wecker's Crugen Clinic.
• Rizal also trained at the clinic of Dr. Xavier Galezowski from Poland.

Cartoonist and Model

• Rizal was a frequent guest of the three Pardo de Tavera siblings in Paris.
• Rizal drew "The Monkey and the Turtle" for Paz Pardo de Tavera's album.
• In Heidelberg, Germany, Rizal drew and colored another comic, "The Baptism of Two Siblings."
• Rizal was often in the atelier of painter Juan Luna where friends gathered.
• Luna often used friends as models instead of professional models.
• Rizal modeled for Datu Sikatuna in El Pacto de Sangre (The Blood Compact) and as a scribe in La Muerte de Cleopatra (The Death of Cleopatra).

Staying in Heldelberg

• After four months of ophthalmology training in France, Rizal went to Germany.
• He arrived in Strassburg and then in Heidelberg on February 3, 1886.
• Rizal befriended German law students and later joined their beer-drinking and chess-playing gatherings.
• In a letter to his sister Trinidad, Rizal described German women, who valued education, contrasting them with Filipino women focused on beauty.
• He praised the Filipinos for there kindness and hardwork.

Specializing in Heinelberg

• Rizal stayed in boarding houses near Universitat Heidelberg.
• He attended lectures by Dr. Otto Heinrich Becker and Dr. Wilhelm Kuhne.
• Rizal also celebrated, he celebrated the fifth centenary of the University and visited Eye Clinic hospital where he studied the eyes.

The Blossom of Heildelberg

• Rizal was homesick in Heidelberg and wrote "A las Flores de Heidelberg".
• He saw some flowers like blue flowers, Rizal saw Neckar river.
• His homesickness is evident in the poem. Where as he asks them to convey his love to the Philippines.

Vacation in Wilhelmsfield.

• Rizal met Karl Ullmen and also learn't the foreign language and pastor invted Rizal and spend time with his family.
• Ullmen family helped his studies, and he improved in German.
• Rizal, even Ullmer was in the religious P.Heinrich.
• Bardorf , whom helped him in beer-drinking habbits Rizal admired Ullmen who was so friendly.

Traveling on The Rhein

• Rizal, was a reflection of this is where architectural and history of the places.

Lesson 5: Lepizig And Dresden

Staying in Lepizig

• Rizal in Augest 15, 1886 he translated "what is Tagalog" by William Bell and fairy tails by Hans Christian Anderson. Riza being from Belrin and also the prood reader helped get his first novel

Staying in Dresden

• Octuber 26 where he had a travelogue
• Rizal was also katoliko where he went t and heard misa.

Lesson 6: Berlin an Leitmeritz

When Rizal told Dr. brumett he was gonna visit leimeriz he told him to also visit the musuem

Berlin

After Riza the musuem

In other cities

Berlin and Dreshen 1887 and d Jagor also got to meet

Leimeritz in Austria

Rizza and Dr. Brumentritt got to meet and became good friends

Berlin and Leitmeitz

While his time in berlin, in nov 1 he transalted with a little help

Austria

In leimetix Dr brumentritt showed them but if they had another friend he was also showed to dr he had a great time in the town