Chapter 9: Race and Ethnicity Flashcards
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What is the definition of race?

  • A definition of ethnic backgrounds
  • A category of people based on geographic location
  • A group of people sharing physical characteristics deemed socially significant (correct)
  • A group of people sharing cultural practices

    • What is ethnicity?

    Characteristics of groups associated with national origins, languages, and cultural and religious practices.

    The Human Genome Project found that genetically human beings are ______.

    nearly the same

    Which of the following statements about race is true?

    <p>Races are social categories</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an ethnic group?

    <p>A group of people who identify with each other based on similar ancestry, language, culture, and religion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What describes minorities?

    <p>Less powerful groups dominated politically and economically</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Human Genome Project mapped genetically identifiable racial groupings.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Women are a minority group.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is expulsion?

    <p>The process of forcibly removing people from a particular area.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is segregation?

    <p>The practice of separating people spatially or socially on the basis of race or ethnicity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are restrictive covenants?

    <p>Contractual agreements that restrict the use of land.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is assimilation?

    <p>Absorption of a minority group into the dominant culture.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is cultural pluralism?

    <p>The coexistence of different racial and ethnic groups characterized by the acceptance of one another's differences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT true according to Louis Wirth?

    <p>Minority status is a question of numbers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    High school teacher Mike McGraw's statements echo the importance of ______.

    <p>cultural pluralism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Linda's treatment of the Somali migrants is an example of ______.

    <p>prejudice</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes the forcible removal of Native Americans in the 1800s?

    <p>expulsion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which types of group relations are generally initiated and controlled by the dominant group?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What concept describes the respect for cultural differences?

    <p>cultural pluralism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does apartheid represent?

    <p>segregation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What describes the melting pot concept?

    <p>assimilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What creates refugees?

    <p>expulsion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does racism refer to?

    <p>The idea that one racial or ethnic group is inherently superior to another.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is stigma?

    <p>An attribute that is deeply discrediting to an individual or a group.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are mixed contacts?

    <p>Interactions between those who are stigmatized and those who are 'normal.'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the traits of a minority group according to Louis Wirth?

    <p>Minorities do not share full privileges, membership is involuntary, and status is about control of valued resources.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What perspective argues that minority groups are defined by their stigma?

    <p>symbolic interactionist perspective</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What perspective states that racism marginalizes some members of the group?

    <p>functionalist perspective</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the conflict perspective on racism?

    <p>While beneficial for powerful groups, racism harms victims and society as a whole.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Durkheim believed that social groups held together by ______ were more culturally durable than those based on ______.

    <p>mechanical solidarity; organic solidarity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Racism is functional because it separates people into classes.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What concept describes interactions between the stigmatized and the stigmatizer?

    <p>mixed contacts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does prejudice refer to?

    <p>A belief about an individual or a group that is not subject to change on the basis of evidence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is stereotyping?

    <p>The generalization of a set of characteristics to all members of a group.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does discrimination mean?

    <p>The unequal treatment of individuals based on group membership.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is individual discrimination?

    <p>Overt and intentional unequal treatment, often based on prejudicial beliefs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is institutionalized discrimination?

    <p>Discrimination enshrined in law, public policy, or common practice.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Whites, overall, face more stigma.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What concept refers to the unearned advantages of whiteness?

    <p>White privilege</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The flag is a reminder of ______ according to Senator Kenny Wayne Jones.

    <p>institutional discrimination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is social epidemiology?

    <p>The study of communities and their social statuses, practices, and problems related to health.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a study of 600 popular films, White actors populated about 75% of speaking roles.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What concept denotes inflexible attitudes toward others?

    <p>prejudice</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statements about minorities and prison are TRUE?

    <p>Both A and B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is individual discrimination concerning family disapproval?

    <p>Your family disapproves of your spouse because they are foreign-born.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does inflexible attitudes toward others signify?

    <p>Prejudice</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines intended or unintended unequal treatment of a population?

    <p>Institutionalized discrimination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What concept involves being influenced by media representations?

    <p>Stereotyping</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the primary drivers of minority population increase in the United States?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The term 'Latino' does not include which of the following groups?

    <p>Cambodians</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The North American Indian population was reduced from more than 20 million to fewer than ______ between 1500 and 1800.

    <p>600,000</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Chinese immigrants were brought to the United States in the mid-1800s to start farms and work in factories.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the term used for segregation laws passed after reconstruction?

    <p>Jim Crow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is genocide?

    <p>The mass, systematic destruction of a people or a nation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following acts were considered crimes when genocide was outlawed in 1948?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who coined the term genocide?

    <p>Raphael Lemkin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which was NOT historically victimized by genocide?

    <p>The Japanese internment in the United States during World War II</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mass killings based on group membership have occurred throughout history.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Race and Ethnicity Definitions

    • Race: A group sharing physically significant characteristics recognized by society.
    • Ethnicity: Identity based on national origins, language, culture, and religious practices.

    Human Genome Project

    • Found that genetically, all humans are nearly identical.
    • Racial groupings cannot be definitively mapped genetically.

    Social Definitions and Contexts

    • Minorities: Less powerful groups politically and economically dominated by a majority; often face discrimination.
    • Ethnic Group: Individuals who identify based on shared ancestry, language, or culture.
    • Expulsion: Forcible removal of individuals from their land or community.
    • Segregation: Social or spatial separation of groups based on race or ethnicity.
    • Assimilation: Process where a minority group is absorbed into the dominant culture.
    • Cultural Pluralism: Acceptance and coexistence of diverse racial and ethnic groups.

    Prejudice and Discrimination

    • Prejudice: Fixed beliefs about individuals or groups not based on experience or evidence.
    • Discrimination: Unequal treatment based on group membership.
    • Individual Discrimination: Direct, intentional harmful actions against individuals.
    • Institutionalized Discrimination: Discriminatory practices established by laws or institutions.

    Perspectives on Racism

    • Functionalist Perspective: Racism does not benefit society at large and marginalizes groups.
    • Conflict Perspective: Racism serves the powerful by allowing them to maintain control over resources.

    Sociological Perspectives

    • According to Louis Wirth, minority traits include involuntary membership and restricted access to opportunities.
    • Symbolic Interactionist Perspective: Minorities are stigmatized and defined by negative attributes.

    Historical Context and Examples

    • Jim Crow laws enforced segregation in the Southern United States.
    • Genocide: Systematic mass destruction of a people; coined by Raphael Lemkin.
    • The North American Indian population drastically decreased from over 20 million to fewer than 600,000 between 1500 and 1800.

    Contemporary Issues

    • White Privilege: Unrecognized advantages held by white individuals in societal contexts.
    • Representation of minority groups in media remains imbalanced; over 75% of speaking roles in films studied were occupied by white actors.
    • Mixed Contacts: Situations where stigmatized individuals interact with those considered "normal."

    Notable Statistics

    • Minority population increases driven by longer life spans, higher birth rates, and improved health care access.
    • Generational trauma and stigma continue to affect minority communities.

    Concepts of Cultural Interaction

    • Stigma: Attributes that discredit individuals or groups, overshadowing other qualities they possess.
    • Stereotyping: Generalizations that unfairly apply the same characteristics to all members of a group.

    Summary of Approaches to Race Relations

    • Majority group relations with minorities are often controlled through assimilation, expulsion, and segregation.
    • Cultural differences enrich society when respected and accepted, highlighting the importance of fostering cultural pluralism.

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    Test your knowledge on race and ethnicity with these flashcards from Chapter 9. This quiz covers key definitions and concepts central to understanding social significance, ethnic characteristics, and genetic diversity. Perfect for students studying sociology or anthropology.

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