Questions and Answers
Parenting involves raising a child, and parents do this by providing three categories of skills or resources. First, parents forge ______ with their children, providing them with love and support and receiving love in return.
social bonds
First, parents forge social bonds with their children, providing them with love and support and receiving love in return. Second, parents also ______ their children by modeling behaviors and by instruction.
socialize
First, parents forge social bonds with their children, providing them with love and support and receiving love in return. Second, parents also socialize their children by modeling behaviors and by instruction. Third, parents build ______ that help them parent and provide resources.
social networks
Latinos have the ______ fertility rate of all racial-ethnic groups in the United States.
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This is due to several factors, including Latinos' high rate of religious commitment to ______, lower levels of ______, cultural expectations to have children, and immigration.
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The opportunity cost of having children is lower for less educated women. This leads to the conclusion that women with less education have ______ children, on average, than women with more education.
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Identify the factors that likely contribute to a doubling in the percentage of adults who do not live with children. These factors include greater educational and occupational ______ for women and delayed marriage and childbearing.
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True or False: Adoptive parents are parents to a child or children they produced biologically.
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True or False: Infertility is equally distributed across all racial and ethnic groups.
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Many parents spend a lot of money on child-development activities. Women are largely responsible for ______ children.
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What are the accurate conclusions drawn from the figure regarding birth rates for women under age 30?
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Identify the challenges that studying fathers presents to researchers.
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What are the examples of transitions that may add to children's stress and affect their development?
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What are the parental changes brought about by intensive mothering?
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Place the racial-ethnic groups in order from lowest to highest fertility rate: ______.
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Study Notes
Parenting Skills and Resources
- Parenting involves raising a child; key resources include social bonds, socializing, and social networks.
- Parents provide love and support while modeling behaviors and offering instructions.
Latino Fertility Rate
- Latinos have the highest fertility rate among racial-ethnic groups in the U.S.
- Contributing factors include high religious commitment to Catholicism, lower education levels, and cultural expectations for larger families.
Trends in Childlessness
- Percentage of adults living without children is rising, influenced by greater educational and occupational attainment for women, and delayed marriage and childbearing.
Adoptive Parents
- Adoptive parents legally parent children they did not biologically produce, with rights and obligations enforced by the government.
Education and Childbearing
- Women with less education typically have more children due to delayed schooling start for childbearing and lower opportunity costs associated with child-rearing.
Historical Decline in Birth Rates
- Families had fewer children in the 19th and 20th centuries due to increased costs of raising children, decreased reliance on children’s labor, and higher survival rates into adulthood.
Fertility Trends
- Fertility during the baby boom era was characterized by women often having four or more children.
- The lowest fertility rates recorded in 2006 were lower than any prior point examined.
Assisted Reproductive Technology
- Groups more likely to use assisted reproductive technology include same-sex couples, older couples, and individuals facing reproductive organ damage.
Infertility Across Demographics
- Infertility shows more disparity across race/ethnicity than educational attainment; women with a bachelor's degree or higher experience the lowest infertility rates.
Research Challenges with Fathers
- Researching fathers is complicated by many not living in the same household as their children, and the small percentage of single parents who are fathers (3%).
Childbearing Rates by Age
- Data illustrates childbearing rates vary significantly among 45-year-old women, with distinct categories identified based on higher and lower rates.
Family Diversity Increase
- Since 1960, family diversity has grown with more representation of non-traditional family structures, notably fewer father-only families compared to mother-only families.
Engagement in Child's Education
- Parents provide support through engagement in their child’s education by encouraging questions, attending conferences, and discussing school experiences.
Parenting Pressures
- Shared pressures for parents in China and the U.S. include high costs for child development activities and the primary responsibility of women in child-rearing.
Birth Rate Trends
- Birth rates have declined for women under 30 since 2007, with the most significant declines among those under 24, while rates for women over 30 have risen since 2000.
Definition of Infertility
- Infertility is defined as the inability to achieve a successful pregnancy after 12 months of unprotected sex.
Total Fertility Rate
- The U.S. total fertility rate stands at 1.82, below the replacement level of 2.1, indicating a potential population decline without immigration.
Intensive Mothering Concept
- The ideology of "intensive motherhood" has led to mothers spending more time with children, experiencing heightened stress, and having less leisure time.
Transitions Affecting Children's Stress
- Transitions such as a mother's new partner moving in, relocating to a safer neighborhood, or family members losing jobs can heighten children’s stress and impact development.
Fertility Rates by Racial-Ethnic Groups
- Fertility rates ranked from lowest to highest: American Indians, Asians, Whites, and Latinos.
International Adoptions Surge
- The peak in international adoptions in the U.S. during 2004 was due to halted adoptions from certain countries and increased scrutiny of ethical and legal practices.
Parental Insecurity
- Rising parental insecurity in recent decades is driven by overwhelming expert advice on parenting, fewer children per family, and increasing economic insecurity.
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Description
Test your knowledge of parenting concepts covered in Chapter 9. This quiz focuses on the essential skills and resources necessary for effective parenting. Engage with key vocabulary and fill in the blanks to reinforce your understanding of family dynamics.
