Chapter 9 (Eating Disorders)
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Questions and Answers

Which disorder involves eating non-nutritive, non-food substances?

  • Anorexia Nervosa
  • Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder
  • Binge-Eating Disorder
  • Pica (correct)

    • What is a common characteristic of Rumination Disorder?

  • Binge eating followed by purging
  • Recurrent regurgitation of food (correct)
  • Severe restriction of food intake
  • Intense fear of gaining weight

    • Which of the following is classified as a feeding disorder?

  • Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder (correct)
  • Binge-Eating Disorder
  • Bulimia Nervosa
  • Anorexia Nervosa

    • Which eating disorder is characterized by episodes of eating large quantities of food without compensatory behaviors?

    <p>Binge-Eating Disorder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'unspecified feeding or eating disorder' refer to?

    <p>A disorder that does not meet the criteria for other specified eating disorders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What social factor is commonly reported by individuals with bulimia nervosa?

    <p>Increased critical comments about their eating habits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which biological factor is associated with binge-eating disorder?

    <p>Dysfunction in the serotonin system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What psychological factor is strongly supported in relation to binge-eating disorder?

    <p>Strong support for the role of negative affect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which subtype of Bulimia Nervosa was found to be the most common according to the DSM-IV?

    <p>Purging</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common family-related contributing factor for individuals with bulimia nervosa?

    <p>History of poor family functioning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What emotional state is frequently associated with binge eating in individuals with binge-eating disorder?

    <p>Negative affect and emotional eating</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What change was made in DSM-5 regarding the subtypes of Bulimia Nervosa?

    <p>The nonpurging subtype was eliminated.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which disorder is considered to have similarities with the nonpurging subtype of Bulimia Nervosa?

    <p>Binge-Eating Disorder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the validity of the subtypes of Bulimia Nervosa regarded in recent classifications?

    <p>Questionable validity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following disorders is NOT included under Feeding and Eating Disorders in DSM-5?

    <p>Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of disorder is Rumination Disorder classified as?

    <p>A Feeding and Eating Disorder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the acronym BED stand for in relation to eating disorders?

    <p>Binge-Eating Disorder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes Pica?

    <p>Ingesting non-nutritive substances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a criterion for a binge-eating episode?

    <p>Feeling a sense of control</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How frequently must binge-eating episodes occur to meet the diagnostic criteria?

    <p>At least once a week for 3 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What emotional response often follows a binge-eating episode?

    <p>Feeling disgusted or guilty</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic is associated with binge-eating episodes?

    <p>Eating a large amount of food in a short time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is true regarding the diagnostic status of binge-eating disorder?

    <p>It has full diagnostic status in DSM-5.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one example of a behavior that characterizes binge-eating episodes?

    <p>Eating alone due to embarrassment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which criterion is NOT associated with binge-eating disorder?

    <p>Use of laxatives to control weight</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which psychological factor is specifically associated with anorexia nervosa?

    <p>Dysfunctional thinking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do pro-anorexia websites play in the context of anorexia nervosa?

    <p>They contribute to social pressures related to thinness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which biological factor is associated with bulimia nervosa?

    <p>Moderate hereditability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What psychological triggers are involved in the Dual Pathway Model for bulimia nervosa?

    <p>Dietary restriction, negative affect, or both</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which psychological factor may contribute to anorexia nervosa?

    <p>Perfectionism and unrealistic standards</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do family factors influence the development of anorexia nervosa?

    <p>Criticism from parents is linked to higher risk.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a psychological factor contributing to anorexia nervosa?

    <p>Family nurture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of biological factors associated with bulimia nervosa?

    <p>Familial predisposition to mood disorders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What social factor contributes to the aetiology of binge-eating disorder?

    <p>Reduced levels of affection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes the influence of cultural imperatives on body image?

    <p>Cultural imperatives suggest that thinness is equated with success and happiness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of obesity stigma on individuals?

    <p>It can lead to discrimination and negative attitudes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a potential consequence for North American minority populations regarding body image?

    <p>Increased rates of obesity and eating disorders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do media standards affect eating disorders?

    <p>They establish unattainable beauty ideals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What trend is observed with dieting in relation to anorexia nervosa (AN) and bulimia nervosa (BN)?

    <p>Dieting consistently precedes the onset of AN and BN.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect differentiates ideal body size standards for men from those for women?

    <p>Women typically aim for thinner ideals than men.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common misconception about the body image of women with distorted eating attitudes?

    <p>They often have a distorted view of their ideal versus current shape.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do cultural values impact standards for body image?

    <p>Cultural values determine the perception of body image in different populations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do perceived social standards play in eating disorders?

    <p>They may contribute to the development of eating disorders.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What observation is made about beauty standards over time?

    <p>Beauty standards evolve and change rapidly.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is dieting experimentally linked to eating disorders?

    <p>Experimental research on dieting has mixed results.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is associated with poorer family functioning in relation to binge-eating disorder?

    <p>Elevated levels of criticism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of changes in body size standards are referenced?

    <p>Body size standards change rapidly.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    • This material is reproduced by the University of South Australia.
    • Reproduction or communication may be subject to copyright.

    Chapter 9: Eating Disorders

    • The DSM-5-TR includes a chapter on 'Feeding and Eating Disorders.'
    • These disorders involve a persistent disturbance in eating or eating-related behavior that significantly impairs physical or psychosocial functioning.

    Learning Objectives

    • 9.1: Describe the diagnostic features of eating disorders.
    • 9.2: Describe current understandings regarding the epidemiology, aetiology, and treatment of anorexia nervosa.
    • 9.3: Describe current understandings regarding the epidemiology, aetiology, and treatment of bulimia nervosa.
    • 9.4: Describe current understandings regarding the epidemiology, aetiology, and treatment of binge-eating disorder.
    • 9.5: Understand key challenges facing the eating disorders field and evaluate the various responses to these challenges.

    DSM-IV versus DSM-5 (and 5-TR)

    • DSM-IV and DSM-5 (and 5-TR) have different categories for eating disorders.
    • DSM-5 includes Anorexia Nervosa, Bulimia Nervosa, Binge-Eating Disorder, Pica, Rumination Disorder, and Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder.

    DSM-5-TR Feeding and Eating Disorders

    • Contains categories for Pica, Rumination Disorder, Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder, Anorexia Nervosa, Bulimia Nervosa, Binge-Eating Disorder, and other unspecified eating disorders.

    Eating Disorders

    • The chapter aims to cover general description, epidemiology, aetiology, and treatment.
    • The chapter distinguishes between "Anorexia" and "Bulimia" and "Anorexia Nervosa" and "Bulimia Nervosa," recognizing the need for clarity.

    Anorexia Nervosa - Clinical Description

    • Persistent energy intake restriction
    • Historically, the DSM has used specific weight criteria (e.g., 15% below expected weight or BMI of <17.5).
    • Now criteria are more general and vague.
    • Intense fears related to gaining weight.
    • Difficulty controlling eating.
    • Significant body image disturbance.

    Anorexia Nervosa - DSM-5-TR Criteria

    • Energy intake significantly lower than needed, leading to significantly low body weight for age, sex, and developmental trajectory.
    • Intense fear of gaining weight or of becoming fat, or persistent behavior that interferes with weight gain, even at low weight.
    • Disturbances in how one's body weight or shape is perceived, undue influence of body weight or shape on self-evaluation, or persistent lack of recognition of the seriousness of the current low weight.
    • Two types: Restricting type or Binge-eating/purging type.

    Anorexia Nervosa - Severity

    • Severity levels categorized by BMI (e.g., mild >= 17, extreme <15).

    Anorexia Nervosa - Subtypes

    • Restricting type: No binge eating or purging; strict adherence to rules and morals.
    • Binge-eating/purging type: Binge eating or purging behaviors.

    Bulimia Nervosa - DSM-5-TR Criteria

    • Recurrent episodes of binge eating and compensatory behaviours to avoid weight gain (e.g., vomiting, laxatives), occurring at least once a week for three months.
    • Intense fear of gaining weight or becoming fat.
    • Self-evaluation unduly influenced by body shape and weight.

    Bulimia Nervosa

    • DSM-IV had subtypes (purging, non-purging).
    • DSM-5 eliminated these subtypes and focused on purging behaviours.

    Body Image and Bulimia Nervosa

    • Body image is essential and central to disordered eating, including bullimia.

    Feeding Disorders

    • Types like Pica, Rumination Disorder, and Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder are also included in the DSM-5-TR.

    Binge-Eating Disorder

    • Recurrent episodes of binge eating, without compensatory behaviors.
    • Disordered eating that involves food binges that are out of control.
    • Distress about binge eating is present.
    • The binge eating occurs at least once a week for three months.

    DSM-5-TR

    • Eating disorders were formerly categorised under Eating Disorders Not Otherwise Specified (EDNOS).
    • EDNOS was replaced by Other Specified Feeding or Eating Disorder (OSFED) in DSM-5-TR.

    The Epidemiology of Anorexia Nervosa

    • Commonly affects adolescent girls and young women.
    • Lifetime prevalence rate is approximately 0.9%.
    • Mortality rate is high (5-10%).
    • Typically begins in late adolescence.
    • Medical complications associated with starvation are common.
    • High association with psychological disorders like anxiety, mood disorders, substance abuse.

    The Epidemiology of Bulimia Nervosa

    • Predominantly affects females (90–95%).
    • Onset usually occurs in late adolescence or young adulthood.
    • Relatively less severe medical consequences compared to anorexia.
    • Commonly associated with anxiety, mood disorders, and substance use.

    The Epidemiology of Binge-Eating Disorder

    • Affects a significant percentage (3-5%) of the adult population.
    • Onset typically occurs during late adolescence or young adulthood.
    • Medical consequences can be significant, although less severe than in anorexia.

    Aetiology of Eating Disorders (Causes)

    • Disorder specific approaches
    • Transdiagnostic approaches

    Treatment of Eating Disorders

    • Self-help approaches (CBT, IPT, BWL).
    • Medication (antidepressants, anti-convulsants).
    • Family-based therapies (for adolescents).

    Any Questions?

    • Students can post questions online.

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