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Questions and Answers
Attached to the eyes are the _________ muscles that allow us to direct our eyes toward a moving object.
Attached to the eyes are the _________ muscles that allow us to direct our eyes toward a moving object.
extrinsic
The anterior aspect of each eye is protected by the _________ which have eyelashes projecting from their edges.
The anterior aspect of each eye is protected by the _________ which have eyelashes projecting from their edges.
eyelids
Closely associated with the lashes are oil secreting glands called __________ that help to lubricate the eyes.
Closely associated with the lashes are oil secreting glands called __________ that help to lubricate the eyes.
tarsal glands
Inflammation of the mucosa lining the eyelids and covering the anterior part of the eyeball is called ________.
Inflammation of the mucosa lining the eyelids and covering the anterior part of the eyeball is called ________.
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Condition of increasing pressure inside the eye, resulting from blocked drainage of aqueous humor.
Condition of increasing pressure inside the eye, resulting from blocked drainage of aqueous humor.
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Light bending is known as ________.
Light bending is known as ________.
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Normal vision is termed ________.
Normal vision is termed ________.
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Clouding of the lens, resulting in loss of sight is called ________.
Clouding of the lens, resulting in loss of sight is called ________.
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Inability to see well in the dark; often a result of vitamin A deficiency is called ________.
Inability to see well in the dark; often a result of vitamin A deficiency is called ________.
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The ability to focus for close vision (under 20 feet) is termed ________.
The ability to focus for close vision (under 20 feet) is termed ________.
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Inability to focus well on close objects is known as ________.
Inability to focus well on close objects is known as ________.
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Reflex constriction of pupils when they are exposed to bright light is termed ________.
Reflex constriction of pupils when they are exposed to bright light is termed ________.
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Blurred vision, resulting from unequal curvatures of the lens or cornea is known as ________.
Blurred vision, resulting from unequal curvatures of the lens or cornea is known as ________.
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Nearsightedness is called ________.
Nearsightedness is called ________.
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The medial movement of the eyes during focusing on close objects is termed ________.
The medial movement of the eyes during focusing on close objects is termed ________.
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The intrinsic eye muscles are under the control of which division of the nervous system?
The intrinsic eye muscles are under the control of which division of the nervous system?
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A _______ lens, like that of the eye, produces an image that is upside down and reversed from left to right.
A _______ lens, like that of the eye, produces an image that is upside down and reversed from left to right.
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Such an image is called a _______ image.
Such an image is called a _______ image.
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In farsightedness, the light is focused _________ the retina.
In farsightedness, the light is focused _________ the retina.
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The lens used to treat farsightedness is a _______ lens.
The lens used to treat farsightedness is a _______ lens.
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In nearsightedness, the light is focused ______ the retina; it is corrected with a _______ lens.
In nearsightedness, the light is focused ______ the retina; it is corrected with a _______ lens.
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Attaches the lens to the ciliary body.
Attaches the lens to the ciliary body.
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Fluid in the anterior segment that provides nutrients to the lens and cornea is called ________.
Fluid in the anterior segment that provides nutrients to the lens and cornea is called ________.
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The 'white' of the eye is known as ________.
The 'white' of the eye is known as ________.
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Area of the retina that lacks photoreceptors is called ________.
Area of the retina that lacks photoreceptors is called ________.
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Contains muscle that controls the shape of the lens.
Contains muscle that controls the shape of the lens.
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Nutritive (vascular) layer of the eye is called ________.
Nutritive (vascular) layer of the eye is called ________.
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Drains the aqueous humor of the eye.
Drains the aqueous humor of the eye.
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Layer containing the rods and cones is called ________.
Layer containing the rods and cones is called ________.
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Gel-like substance that helps to reinforce the eyeball is known as ________.
Gel-like substance that helps to reinforce the eyeball is known as ________.
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Heavily pigmented layer that prevents light scattering within the eye is called ________.
Heavily pigmented layer that prevents light scattering within the eye is called ________.
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Smooth muscle structures (intrinsic eye muscles) consist of ________ and ________.
Smooth muscle structures (intrinsic eye muscles) consist of ________ and ________.
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Area of acute or discriminatory vision is known as ________.
Area of acute or discriminatory vision is known as ________.
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Refractory media of the eye includes ________, ________, ________, and ________.
Refractory media of the eye includes ________, ________, ________, and ________.
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Most anterior part of the sclera is the ________ - your 'window on the world'.
Most anterior part of the sclera is the ________ - your 'window on the world'.
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The pigmented 'diaphragm' of the eye is the ________.
The pigmented 'diaphragm' of the eye is the ________.
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Name in sequence the neural elements of the visual pathway, beginning with retina and ending with optic cortex.
Name in sequence the neural elements of the visual pathway, beginning with retina and ending with optic cortex.
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There are _______ varieties of cones.
There are _______ varieties of cones.
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One type of cones responds most vigorously to _______ light, another to _______ light, and still another to ________ light.
One type of cones responds most vigorously to _______ light, another to _______ light, and still another to ________ light.
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The ability to see intermediate colors such as purple results from the fact that more than one cone type is being stimulated ________.
The ability to see intermediate colors such as purple results from the fact that more than one cone type is being stimulated ________.
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Lack of all color receptors results in ________.
Lack of all color receptors results in ________.
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Because color blindness is sex-linked, it occurs more commonly in ________.
Because color blindness is sex-linked, it occurs more commonly in ________.
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Black and white or dim light vision is a function of the ________.
Black and white or dim light vision is a function of the ________.
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The bent or kinked form of retinal is combined with a protein called _______ to form the visual pigment called _______.
The bent or kinked form of retinal is combined with a protein called _______ to form the visual pigment called _______.
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When light strikes the visual pigment, it straightens out and breaks down into its two components. This event is called _______ because the purple color of the visual pigment changes to ______ and finally becomes __________ as retinal is converted all the way back to vitamin _______.
When light strikes the visual pigment, it straightens out and breaks down into its two components. This event is called _______ because the purple color of the visual pigment changes to ______ and finally becomes __________ as retinal is converted all the way back to vitamin _______.
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Structures composing the outer ear are ________.
Structures composing the outer ear are ________.
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Structures composing the bony or osseous labyrinth include ________.
Structures composing the bony or osseous labyrinth include ________.
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Collectively called the ossicles are ________.
Collectively called the ossicles are ________.
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Ear structures not involved with hearing are ________.
Ear structures not involved with hearing are ________.
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Allows pressure in the middle ear to be equalized with atmospheric pressure is ________.
Allows pressure in the middle ear to be equalized with atmospheric pressure is ________.
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Vibrates as sound waves hit it; transmits the vibrations to the ossicles is known as ________.
Vibrates as sound waves hit it; transmits the vibrations to the ossicles is known as ________.
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Contains the organ of Corti is the ________.
Contains the organ of Corti is the ________.
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Connects the nasopharynx and the middle ear is the ________.
Connects the nasopharynx and the middle ear is the ________.
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Contain receptors for the sense of equilibrium are ________.
Contain receptors for the sense of equilibrium are ________.
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Transmits the vibrations from the stirrup to the fluid in the inner ear is the ________.
Transmits the vibrations from the stirrup to the fluid in the inner ear is the ________.
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Fluid that bathes the sensory receptors of the inner ear is called ________.
Fluid that bathes the sensory receptors of the inner ear is called ________.
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Fluid contained within the osseous labyrinth, which bathes the membranous labyrinth is known as ________.
Fluid contained within the osseous labyrinth, which bathes the membranous labyrinth is known as ________.
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Name the appropriate ear structures in their correct sequence.
Name the appropriate ear structures in their correct sequence.
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The receptors for _____ equilibrium are found in the crista ampullaris of the ______.
The receptors for _____ equilibrium are found in the crista ampullaris of the ______.
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When motion begins, the __ fluid lags behind and the __ is bent, which excites the hair cells.
When motion begins, the __ fluid lags behind and the __ is bent, which excites the hair cells.
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When the motion stops suddenly, the fluid flows in the opposite direction and again stimulates the hair cells. The receptors for __ equilibrium are found in the maculae of the __ and __.
When the motion stops suddenly, the fluid flows in the opposite direction and again stimulates the hair cells. The receptors for __ equilibrium are found in the maculae of the __ and __.
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Tiny stones found in a gel overlying the hair cells roll in response to the pull of _______.
Tiny stones found in a gel overlying the hair cells roll in response to the pull of _______.
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Besides the equilibrium, receptors of the inner ear, the senses of __ and __ are also important in helping to maintain equilibrium.
Besides the equilibrium, receptors of the inner ear, the senses of __ and __ are also important in helping to maintain equilibrium.
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Can result from a bug wedged in the external auditory meatus is known as ________.
Can result from a bug wedged in the external auditory meatus is known as ________.
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Can result from damage to the cochlear nerve is called ________.
Can result from damage to the cochlear nerve is called ________.
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Sound is heard in one ear but not in the other, during both bone and air conduction, this is a form of ________.
Sound is heard in one ear but not in the other, during both bone and air conduction, this is a form of ________.
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Often improved by a hearing aid is known as ________.
Often improved by a hearing aid is known as ________.
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Can result from otitis media is termed ________.
Can result from otitis media is termed ________.
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Can result from otosclerosis, excessive earwax, or a perforated eardrum is called ________.
Can result from otosclerosis, excessive earwax, or a perforated eardrum is called ________.
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Can result from a blood clot in the auditory cortex of the brain is known as ________.
Can result from a blood clot in the auditory cortex of the brain is known as ________.
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List three things about which a person with equilibrium problems might complain.
List three things about which a person with equilibrium problems might complain.
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Three cranial nerves involved in transmitting impulses for the sense of taste are the ________, ________, and ________.
Three cranial nerves involved in transmitting impulses for the sense of taste are the ________, ________, and ________.
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Impulses for the sense of smell are transmitted by the ________ nerve.
Impulses for the sense of smell are transmitted by the ________ nerve.
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The receptors for smell are located in the _______ of the nasal passages.
The receptors for smell are located in the _______ of the nasal passages.
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The act of _________ increases the sensation because it brings more air into contact with the receptors.
The act of _________ increases the sensation because it brings more air into contact with the receptors.
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The receptors for taste are found in cluster-like areas called ________ most of which are located on the sides of _________ or ________ papillae.
The receptors for taste are found in cluster-like areas called ________ most of which are located on the sides of _________ or ________ papillae.
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The five basic taste sensations are ________.
The five basic taste sensations are ________.
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The most protective receptors are thought to be those that respond to _________ substances.
The most protective receptors are thought to be those that respond to _________ substances.
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When the nasal passages are congested, the sense of taste is decreased. This indicates that much of what is considered taste actually depends on the sense of ________.
When the nasal passages are congested, the sense of taste is decreased. This indicates that much of what is considered taste actually depends on the sense of ________.
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It is impossible to taste substances with a __________ tongue because foods must be dissolved to excite the taste receptors.
It is impossible to taste substances with a __________ tongue because foods must be dissolved to excite the taste receptors.
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The sense of smell is closely tied to the emotional centers of the brain and many odors bring back ________.
The sense of smell is closely tied to the emotional centers of the brain and many odors bring back ________.
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What substance 'captures' airborne odors (that is acts as a solvent)?
What substance 'captures' airborne odors (that is acts as a solvent)?
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How are olfactory neurons classified structurally?
How are olfactory neurons classified structurally?
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The special sense organs are actually part of the ______ and are formed very early in the embryo.
The special sense organs are actually part of the ______ and are formed very early in the embryo.
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Maternal infections, particularly _______ may cause both deafness and ________ in the developing child.
Maternal infections, particularly _______ may cause both deafness and ________ in the developing child.
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Of the special senses, the sense of _______ requires the most learning or takes the longest to mature.
Of the special senses, the sense of _______ requires the most learning or takes the longest to mature.
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All infants are _____, but generally by school age emmetropic vision has been established.
All infants are _____, but generally by school age emmetropic vision has been established.
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Beginning sometime after the age of 40, the eye lenses start to become less _____ and cannot bend properly to refract the light.
Beginning sometime after the age of 40, the eye lenses start to become less _____ and cannot bend properly to refract the light.
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As a result, a condition of farsightedness, called ______, begins to occur.
As a result, a condition of farsightedness, called ______, begins to occur.
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______ a condition in which the lens becomes hazy or discolored, is a frequent cause of blindness.
______ a condition in which the lens becomes hazy or discolored, is a frequent cause of blindness.
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In old age, a gradual hearing loss, called ______ occurs.
In old age, a gradual hearing loss, called ______ occurs.
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Study Notes
Eye Anatomy and Function
- Extrinsic Muscles: Allow movement of the eyes to track moving objects.
- Eyelids: Protect the anterior aspect of each eye, equipped with eyelashes for defense.
- Tarsal Glands: Oil-secreting glands associated with eyelashes for eye lubrication.
- Conjunctivitis: Inflammation of the mucosal lining of eyelids and eyeball.
- Glaucoma: Condition characterized by increased intraocular pressure due to blocked aqueous humor drainage.
Vision Conditions
- Refraction: The bending of light as it passes through the eye.
- Emmetropia: A term for normal vision.
- Cataract: Clouding of the lens leading to loss of vision.
- Night Blindness: Difficulty seeing in dark conditions, often linked to vitamin A deficiency.
- Accommodation: The eye's ability to focus on close objects within 20 feet.
- Hyperopia: Farsightedness due to inability to focus on close objects.
- Myopia: Nearsightedness identified by light focusing in front of the retina.
- Astigmatism: Blurred vision caused by unequal curvatures of the lens/cornea.
Eye Structures and Pathways
- Ciliary Body: Contains muscles that adjust lens shape, attached to the lens via ciliary zonule.
- Aqueous Humor: Fluid in the anterior segment that nourishes the lens and cornea.
- Sclera: The "white" part of the eye providing structural support.
- Optic Disk: Area on the retina without photoreceptors, also known as the blind spot.
- Fovea Centralis: Area of high acuity for detailed vision.
- Visual Pathway: Sequence includes retina, optic nerve, optic chiasma, optic tract, synapse in thalamus, optic radiation, optic cortex.
Color Perception
- Cone Varieties: Three types of cones respond to blue, green, and red light.
- Color Blindness: Results from a lack of color receptor types, more common in males.
- Rods: Specialized for black and white vision in low light conditions.
Auditory System
- Outer Ear Structures: Comprises the pinna, external acoustic meatus, and tympanic membrane.
- Ossicles: Incus (anvil), malleus (hammer), stapes (stirrup) transmit sound vibrations to the inner ear.
- Cochlea: Contains the organ of Corti for sound transduction.
- Pharyngotympanic Tube: Equalizes pressure in the middle ear with atmospheric pressure.
Equilibrium and Hearing Disorders
- Semicircular Canals and Vestibule: Structures involved in balance and equilibrium.
- Conduction Deafness: Caused by blockages or damage in the outer/middle ear.
- Sensorineural Deafness: Results from damage to the cochlear nerve or auditory cortex.
- Equilibrium Complaints: Problems may manifest as nausea, dizziness, and balance issues.
Taste and Smell
- Taste Buds: Located on fungiform and circumvallate papillae sensing five basic tastes: sweet, salty, bitter, sour, umami.
- Olfactory Neurons: Classified as bipolar neurons, involved in the sense of smell.
- Mucus: Acts as a solvent capturing airborne odors, enhancing olfactory sensation.
- Taste and Smell Connection: Taste perception is significantly influenced by the sense of smell.
Developmental Aspects
- Vision Maturation: The sense of vision requires significant learning and matures over time.
- Presbyopia: Farsightedness in older age due to decreased lens elasticity, affecting close vision.
- Presbycusis: Gradual hearing loss associated with aging.
Health and Conditions
- Vitamin A Deficiency: Linked to night blindness; essential for proper vision.
- Maternal Infections: Such as measles, can lead to hearing loss and blindness in infants.
These notes concisely cover the essential facts related to the special senses, including eye and ear anatomy, functionality, sensory disorders, and related physiological conditions.
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Description
Engage with the essential vocabulary related to special senses in this Chapter 8 workbook. Test your knowledge on terms like extrinsic muscles and eyelids, crucial for understanding ocular anatomy and function. Perfect for students studying anatomy and physiology!
