Chapter 8: Somatosensory Neurotransmission
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of sensory receptors?

  • To regulate muscle length and tension
  • To transmit action potentials to the CNS
  • To convert specific forms of energy into action potentials (correct)
  • To detect light and sound waves

    • What type of mechanoreceptors respond to slow vibration?

  • Pacinian corpuscles
  • Ruffini corpuscles
  • Merkel cells
  • Meissner corpuscles (correct)

    • Which receptors are sensitive to changes in the plasma level of O2, pH, and osmolality?

  • Thermoreceptors
  • Chemoreceptors (correct)
  • Photoreceptors
  • Nociceptors

    • What is the primary function of proprioceptors?

    <p>To relay information about muscle length and tension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which receptors respond to potentially harmful stimuli?

    <p>Nociceptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the location of Meissner corpuscles?

    <p>Beneath the epidermis of glabrous skin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of receptors are sensitive to light?

    <p>Photoreceptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which receptors are responsible for detecting the sensations of warmth and cold?

    <p>Thermoreceptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the size of Pacinian corpuscles?

    <p>2 mm long and about 1 mm in diameter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of Merkel cells?

    <p>Responding to sustained pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mechanoreceptors are found in the dermis of glabrous and hairy skin?

    <p>Both Ruffini and Pacinian corpuscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of stimuli do nociceptors respond to?

    <p>Potentially harmful stimuli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of mechanoreceptors respond to stretch and fluttering vibration?

    <p>Ruffini corpuscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of sensory receptors in general?

    <p>Converting specific forms of energy into action potentials</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of mechanoreceptors are Meissner corpuscles and Merkel cells?

    <p>Found in the epidermis of glabrous skin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of chemoreceptors?

    <p>Detecting changes in the chemical composition of the local environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of receptors are responsible for detecting taste and smell?

    <p>Chemoreceptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the location of the receptors responsible for detecting light?

    <p>Rods and cones in the retina</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of mechanoreceptors are encapsulated in connective tissue beneath the epidermis?

    <p>Meissner corpuscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of stimuli do mechanoreceptors in muscles, tendons, and joints respond to?

    <p>Changes in muscle length and tension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of receptors are stimulated by change in the chemical composition of the local environment and include receptors for taste and smell?

    <p>Chemoreceptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of cutaneous mechanoreceptors?

    <p>To mediate responses to touch and pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of receptors are responsible for detecting the sensations of warmth and cold?

    <p>Thermoreceptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of mechanoreceptors respond to sustained pressure?

    <p>Merkel cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of receptors are found in the rods and cones in the retina?

    <p>Photoreceptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of mechanoreceptors are comprised of nerve endings and are the largest cutaneous mechanoreceptor?

    <p>Pacinian corpuscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of receptors convert specific forms of energy into action potentials in sensory neurons?

    <p>Sensory receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of sensory receptors are responsible for mediating responses to touch and pressure in hairy skin?

    <p>Pacinian corpuscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of sensory receptors in the context of somatosensory neurotransmission?

    <p>To convert specific forms of energy into action potentials in sensory neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of receptors are responsible for detecting changes in the plasma level of O2, pH, and osmolality?

    <p>Chemoreceptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of proprioceptors in the context of somatosensory neurotransmission?

    <p>To relay information about muscle length and tension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of mechanoreceptors are found in the epidermis of glabrous skin?

    <p>Merkel cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of nociceptors in the context of somatosensory neurotransmission?

    <p>To respond to potentially harmful stimuli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of sensory receptors are responsible for detecting the sensations of warmth and cold?

    <p>Thermoreceptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of Meissner corpuscles in the context of somatosensory neurotransmission?

    <p>To respond to slow vibration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of sensory receptors are responsible for detecting taste and smell?

    <p>Chemoreceptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of pulmonary alveolar macrophages (PAMs)?

    <p>To process inhaled antigens for immunologic attack</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate distance between the alveolar epithelium and the capillary epithelium?

    <p>0.5 um</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following muscles is NOT an accessory inspiratory muscle?

    <p>Gastrocnemius muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the membrane that lines the lung surface?

    <p>Visceral pleura</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the crural fibers of the diaphragm?

    <p>To compress the esophagus during vomiting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate volume of pleural fluid in the pleural cavity?

    <p>15-20 mL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the diaphragm during inspiration?

    <p>To elevate the ribs and increase the anteroposterior diameter of the chest</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of transection of the spinal cord above the 3rd cervical segment?

    <p>It is fatal without artificial respiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the external intercostal muscles during inspiration?

    <p>To elevate the ribs and increase the anteroposterior diameter of the chest</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the pulmonary alveolar macrophages (PAMs) in the context of inhaled particles?

    <p>To phagocytose small particles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the upper airway?

    <p>To humidify and warm the air</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the genetic disorder characterized by the mutation in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene?

    <p>Cystic fibrosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cells make up approximately 95% of the alveolar epithelial surface area?

    <p>Type I cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the mutation that causes cystic fibrosis by limiting the amount of CFTR protein that gets to the plasma membrane?

    <p>F508</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the alveoli in the respiratory system?

    <p>To facilitate gas exchange</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the abnormal functioning of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) protein in the lungs?

    <p>Suppressed secretion of chloride ions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the protein that is abnormal in cystic fibrosis?

    <p>Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the nose in the respiratory system?

    <p>To filter out large particulates and warm and humidify the air</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the cells that make up approximately 60% of the epithelial cells in the alveoli?

    <p>Type II cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of cystic fibrosis in the lungs?

    <p>Recurrent pulmonary infections and progressive destruction of the lungs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of type II cells in the alveoli?

    <p>To produce surfactant for reducing surface tension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of lamellar bodies in type II cells?

    <p>To form and secrete surfactant into the alveolar lumen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the surface tension in the alveoli change during inspiration and expiration?

    <p>It increases during inspiration and decreases during expiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the orientation of the hydrophobic fatty acid tails of surfactant molecules in the alveoli?

    <p>They face the alveolar lumen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to some of the protein-lipid complexes in surfactant after they are secreted into the alveoli?

    <p>They are taken up by endocytosis in type II alveolar cells and recycled</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between surfactant concentration and surface tension in the alveoli?

    <p>Surface tension is inversely proportional to surfactant concentration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of tubular myelin in the alveoli?

    <p>To form a phospholipid film that reduces surface tension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of organelle is a lamellar body?

    <p>Membrane-bound organelle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of type II cells in alveolar repair?

    <p>To play a crucial role in alveolar repair and other lung cellular functions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the phospholipid film formed by tubular myelin in the alveoli?

    <p>To reduce surface tension in the alveoli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following antifungal drugs is classified as an allylamine?

    <p>Terbinafine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of fungal infection is characterized by a rash with pruritus and erythema?

    <p>Superficial mycoses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a type of superficial fungal infection?

    <p>Meningitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the fungal infection that presents as an annular, scaly rash with a clear center?

    <p>Ringworm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following antifungal drugs is classified as an echinocandin?

    <p>Caspofungin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a fungal infection of the nails?

    <p>Onychomycosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a causative agent of superficial yeast infections?

    <p>Candida albicans</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a fungal infection of the body?

    <p>Tinea corporis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following antifungal drugs is classified as a polyene?

    <p>Amphotericin B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a fungal infection of the feet?

    <p>Tinea pedis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary route of elimination for amphotericin B?

    <p>Renal excretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary organ system affected by histoplasmosis?

    <p>Respiratory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following azole derivatives does not penetrate the CSF?

    <p>Ketoconazole</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which fungal infection is often associated with underlying TB or COPD?

    <p>Aspergillosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary use of itraconazole?

    <p>Treatment of onychomycosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the oral bioavailability of fluconazole?

    <p>95%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the fungal disease that is a defining opportunistic infection for AIDS?

    <p>Cryptococcosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the antifungal medication that is typically used to treat severe mycoses?

    <p>Amphotericin B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the elimination half-life of ketoconazole?

    <p>8 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of mycosis is often caused by puncture wounds contaminated with soil fungi?

    <p>Subcutaneous mycosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a common adverse effect of azole derivatives?

    <p>Respiratory failure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic feature of mucormycosis?

    <p>Hyphae growing in and around blood vessels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which fungal disease is also known as 'valley fever'?

    <p>Coccidioidomycosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of blastomycosis?

    <p>It is endemic to North America</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary use of nystatin?

    <p>Treatment of Candida spp. infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action of polyene antibiotics?

    <p>Forming pores in the fungal cell membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the reason for the low concentration of amphotericin B in the CSF?

    <p>It does not penetrate the blood-brain barrier well</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the route of elimination for posaconazole?

    <p>Fecal elimination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the fungus that causes coccidioidomycosis?

    <p>Coccidioides immitis or Coccidioides posadasii</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following azole derivatives has a greater potential for drug interactions?

    <p>Ketoconazole</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical combination therapy for systemic cryptococcal or candidal infections?

    <p>Amphotericin B and flucytosine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the classic triad of symptoms associated with coccidioidomycosis?

    <p>Fever, joint pain, and erythema nodosum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the half-life of amphotericin B?

    <p>15 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the elimination half-life of voriconazole?

    <p>Dose-dependent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the fungal infection that causes skin lesions, bony lytic lesions, and flu-like illness?

    <p>Blastomycosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the route of administration of amphotericin B?

    <p>Topical and parenteral</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the percentage of people infected with coccidioidomycosis who are asymptomatic?

    <p>60%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a subcutaneous mycosis?

    <p>Chromomycosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the fungus that causes tinea versicolor?

    <p>Malassezia furfur</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a systemic mycosis?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of mechanoreceptors are most likely to respond to rapid changes in texture while being lightly pressed against the skin?

    <p>Meissner corpuscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of respiratory function, which of the following structures primarily facilitates gas exchange between air and blood?

    <p>Alveoli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do pulmonary alveolar macrophages (PAMs) play in the lung's immune response?

    <p>They phagocytize inhaled particles and pathogens.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle is primarily responsible for the active process of inhalation during normal breathing?

    <p>Diaphragm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cell constitutes the majority of the alveolar surface area and is vital for gas exchange?

    <p>Type I alveolar cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Classification of Antifungal Drugs

    • Polyene antibiotics: amphotericin B, natamycin, nystatin
    • Azole derivatives: clotrimazole, fluconazole, ketoconazole, itraconazole, posaconazole, voriconazole
    • Allylamine drugs: terbinafine
    • Echinocandin drugs: caspofungin
    • Other antifungal agents

    Fungal Infections

    • Divided into three main groups:
      • Systemic mycoses: soft tissue infections, UTIs, PNA, meningitis, septicemia
      • Subcutaneous mycoses: sporotrichosis
      • Superficial mycoses: infections of nails, skin, and mucous membranes caused by dermatophytes and yeasts

    Superficial Dermatophyte Infections

    • Causative agents: Epidermophyton, Microsporum, Trichophyton spp.
    • Manifest as rash with pruritus and erythema
    • Ringworm presents as annular, scaly rash with clear center
    • Examples:
      • Onychomycosis (tinea unguium): dermatophyte infection of nails
      • Tinea pedis (athlete's foot): infection of feet
      • Tinea corporis (ringworm of the body): infection of body
      • Tinea cruris (jock itch): infection of groin area

    Superficial Yeast Infections

    • Causative agents: Candida spp., usually C. albicans
    • Present as oral candidiasis (thrush), vulvovaginal candidiasis, or candidiasis infections of axilla, groin, or gluteal folds (diaper rash)
    • Less common causes: M. furfur, M. ovalis
      • M. furfur causes tinea versicolor (pityriasis versicolor)
      • Both yeasts cause seborrheic dermatitis

    Subcutaneous Mycoses

    • Often caused by puncture wounds contaminated with soil fungi
    • Examples:
      • Chromomycosis
      • Pseudallescheriasis
      • Sporotrichosis

    Systemic Mycosis

    • Chronic and indolent: blastomycosis, coccidioidomycosis, histoplasmosis
    • Invasive and life-threatening: aspergillosis, candidiasis, cryptococcosis, mucormycosis

    Blastomycosis

    • Fungal infection of humans and other animals caused by Blastomyces dermatitidis
    • Endemic to North America
    • Clinical symptoms similar to histoplasmosis
    • Flu-like illness, acute illness resembling bacterial pneumonia, chronic illness mimicking TB/lung cancer, fast progressive disease like ARDS, skin lesions, bony lytic lesions

    Coccidioidomycosis

    • Also known as "valley fever", "California fever", and "San Joaquin Valley fever"
    • Fungal disease caused by Coccidioides immitis or Coccidioides posadasii
    • Endemic in certain parts of Arizona, California, Nevada, New Mexico, Texas, Utah, and northern Mexico
    • 60% are asymptomatic, 40% have varied symptoms:
      • Classic triad ("desert rheumatism") of fever, joint pain, and erythema nodosum

    Histoplasmosis

    • Also known as "cave disease", "spelunker's lung", and "Ohio Valley disease"
    • Fungal infection caused by Histoplasma capsulatum
    • Found in soil, often associated with decaying bat guano or bird droppings
    • Primarily affects lungs, called disseminated when other organs affected
    • Can be fatal if left untreated

    Aspergillosis

    • Wide variety of diseases caused by fungi from genus Aspergillus
    • Majority of cases in people with underlying TB or COPD but with otherwise healthy immune systems
    • Most common occurs in form of chronic pulmonary aspergillosis, aspergilloma, or allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis

    Cryptococcosis

    • Potentially fatal fungal disease caused by Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii
    • Acquired by inhalation of infectious material from environment; found worldwide in soil
    • Defining opportunistic infection for AIDS (but also seen with lymphomas, sarcoid, liver cirrhosis, and patients on long-term steroid therapy)

    Mucormycosis

    • Any fungal infection caused by fungi in the order of Mucorales
    • Characterized by hyphae growing in and around blood vessels; potentially life-threatening in diabetic or severely immunocompromised individuals

    General Structure and Analysis

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    • Important concepts may be included in the sections not fully visible, requiring further examination for comprehensive understanding.

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    • The fragmented nature hints at a possible brainstorming or planning document.
    • Emphasis might be on organizing thoughts rather than presenting fully fleshed-out ideas.

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    Description

    Explore the fascinating world of somatosensory neurotransmission! This quiz delves into the different types of sensory receptors, including mechanoreceptors, proprioceptors, thermoreceptors, nociceptors, and chemoreceptors. Learn how they convert energy into action potentials and convey vital information to the brain.

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