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Questions and Answers
The nurse stresses that when a person produces his own antibodies against a specific antigen, that process of immunity is ______________ ________________ immunity.
The nurse stresses that when a person produces his own antibodies against a specific antigen, that process of immunity is ______________ ________________ immunity.
active acquired
A type IV latex allergy is characterized by __________ _______.
A type IV latex allergy is characterized by __________ _______.
contact dermatitis
The process of immunity through a controlled exposure to an attenuated organism to stimulate the production of antibodies is _______________.
The process of immunity through a controlled exposure to an attenuated organism to stimulate the production of antibodies is _______________.
immunization
A transfusion using blood from one's own blood is a(n) ___________ transfusion.
A transfusion using blood from one's own blood is a(n) ___________ transfusion.
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The transfer of tissue between genetically identical individuals (twins) is a(n) ________.
The transfer of tissue between genetically identical individuals (twins) is a(n) ________.
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Place the physiologic responses of an allergic asthma attack in sequence: (Separate letters by a comma and space as follows: A, B, C, D)
Place the physiologic responses of an allergic asthma attack in sequence: (Separate letters by a comma and space as follows: A, B, C, D)
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What is the sequence of a plasmapheresis procedure? (Separate letters by a comma and space as follows: A, B, C, D)
What is the sequence of a plasmapheresis procedure? (Separate letters by a comma and space as follows: A, B, C, D)
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Which of the following is an example of immunocompetence? (Select all that apply)
Which of the following is an example of immunocompetence? (Select all that apply)
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What should be the nurse's first intervention for a patient with angioedema and dyspnea after eating a peanut butter sandwich?
What should be the nurse's first intervention for a patient with angioedema and dyspnea after eating a peanut butter sandwich?
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What is the etiology of autoimmune diseases based on?
What is the etiology of autoimmune diseases based on?
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The nursing plan of care for a patient with secondary immunodeficiency should include which provision?
The nursing plan of care for a patient with secondary immunodeficiency should include which provision?
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When the antigen and antibody react, the complement system is activated which:
When the antigen and antibody react, the complement system is activated which:
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How does normal aging change the immune system?
How does normal aging change the immune system?
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What would the nurse recommend for a 94-year-old home health patient with deteriorated cell-mediated immunity?
What would the nurse recommend for a 94-year-old home health patient with deteriorated cell-mediated immunity?
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Which comment indicates a need for additional teaching during discharge after an allergic reaction to a bee sting?
Which comment indicates a need for additional teaching during discharge after an allergic reaction to a bee sting?
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What is the substance released by the T cells that stimulates the lymphocytes to attack an inflammation?
What is the substance released by the T cells that stimulates the lymphocytes to attack an inflammation?
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Which action by the nurse is most appropriate for a patient complaining of itching and dizziness after an intradermal injection during allergy testing?
Which action by the nurse is most appropriate for a patient complaining of itching and dizziness after an intradermal injection during allergy testing?
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Which person is most at risk for a hypersensitivity reaction?
Which person is most at risk for a hypersensitivity reaction?
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What is the benefit of using the antihistamine fexofenadine (Allegra) over diphenhydramine (Benadryl)?
What is the benefit of using the antihistamine fexofenadine (Allegra) over diphenhydramine (Benadryl)?
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What effect should the nurse assure the patient will occur from the subcutaneous injection of epinephrine for an asthma-like reaction?
What effect should the nurse assure the patient will occur from the subcutaneous injection of epinephrine for an asthma-like reaction?
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How have health care facilities reduced the incidence of serious latex reactions?
How have health care facilities reduced the incidence of serious latex reactions?
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What should the nurse include to assess for in the plan of care for a patient undergoing plasmapheresis?
What should the nurse include to assess for in the plan of care for a patient undergoing plasmapheresis?
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What does a patient undergoing immunotherapy on a perennial basis need to receive?
What does a patient undergoing immunotherapy on a perennial basis need to receive?
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What is the term for transplantation of tissue between members of the same species?
What is the term for transplantation of tissue between members of the same species?
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In which patient should the nurse be most concerned about immunodeficiency disorder?
In which patient should the nurse be most concerned about immunodeficiency disorder?
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What is the purpose of plasmapheresis in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis?
What is the purpose of plasmapheresis in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis?
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When a patient received tetanus antitoxin with the antibodies in it, the patient received a __________ type of immunity.
When a patient received tetanus antitoxin with the antibodies in it, the patient received a __________ type of immunity.
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What are the risks for older adults due to decreased production of saliva and gastric secretions?
What are the risks for older adults due to decreased production of saliva and gastric secretions?
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What is the major negative effect of cell-mediated immunity?
What is the major negative effect of cell-mediated immunity?
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What is B-cell proliferation dependent on?
What is B-cell proliferation dependent on?
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What timeframe must blood be transfused within once it has been removed from refrigeration?
What timeframe must blood be transfused within once it has been removed from refrigeration?
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What is the first action a nurse must take when arriving at a patient's bedside with a unit of packed cells?
What is the first action a nurse must take when arriving at a patient's bedside with a unit of packed cells?
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What should be the nurse's initial action for a patient experiencing chills, itching, and shortness of breath after a transfusion?
What should be the nurse's initial action for a patient experiencing chills, itching, and shortness of breath after a transfusion?
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Which symptom would be classified as a mild transfusion reaction?
Which symptom would be classified as a mild transfusion reaction?
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What should the nurse do after administering an increased dose of allergen in immunotherapy?
What should the nurse do after administering an increased dose of allergen in immunotherapy?
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If a nurse is sensitive to latex gloves, what potential food sensitivities might the nurse develop? (Select all that apply)
If a nurse is sensitive to latex gloves, what potential food sensitivities might the nurse develop? (Select all that apply)
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Which of the following provide the body with innate immunity? (Select all that apply)
Which of the following provide the body with innate immunity? (Select all that apply)
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Which of the following are diseases resulting from one's own immune system attacking the body? (Select all that apply)
Which of the following are diseases resulting from one's own immune system attacking the body? (Select all that apply)
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What are the functions of the immune system? (Select all that apply)
What are the functions of the immune system? (Select all that apply)
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What are examples of active acquired immunity? (Select all that apply)
What are examples of active acquired immunity? (Select all that apply)
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What is humoral immunity based on? (Select all that apply)
What is humoral immunity based on? (Select all that apply)
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Study Notes
Immunocompetence and Immune Response
- Immunocompetence is the ability of the immune system to respond effectively to foreign stimuli, as demonstrated by quick resolution of symptoms like a common cold.
- T and B cells are key players in immunity; failure to maintain normal function leads to autoimmune diseases where the body attacks its own cells.
Anaphylactic Reactions and First Interventions
- In cases of severe allergic reactions, such as angioedema and dyspnea from peanut allergies, providing oxygen is the primary intervention due to the risk of rapid deterioration.
- Epinephrine is critical for immediate allergic response treatment and should be administered at the first sign of an allergic reaction.
Autoimmune Disorders
- Autoimmune diseases are caused by B and T cells producing autoantibodies that mistakenly target the body's own tissues, failing to distinguish "self" from "foreign."
- Patients undergoing chemotherapy may have secondary immunodeficiency and require heightened infection control measures.
Aging and Immunity
- Aging results in decreased activity of B cells, affecting immune response; the thymus size decreases while bone marrow function remains intact.
- Older adults are recommended to get pneumonia vaccinations due to compromised cell-mediated immunity.
Allergy Management and Education
- Patients with known allergies should be educated on epinephrine administration, avoiding long-term corticosteroid use unless necessary.
- Avoidance of allergens, like insect stings, is crucial; wearing Medic-Alert bracelets for quick identification is recommended.
Mechanisms of Immunity and Reactions
- The complement system, activated by antigen-antibody reactions, attracts phagocytes to eliminate pathogens.
- Lymphokines released by T cells stimulate lymphocyte activity and recruit macrophages.
Transfusion Safety and Reactions
- Blood must be transfused within four hours of refrigeration removal; patient and donor compatibility checks are vital before transfusion.
- Symptoms like chills, itching, and shortness of breath during transfusion require immediate cessation of the transfusion and administration of saline.
Types of Immunity
- Passive artificial immunity is gained through antibody inoculation, such as tetanus antitoxin; active immunity occurs through infection or vaccination.
- Autologous transfusions offer the best defense against transfusion reactions, as they use the patient's own blood.
Innate Immunity Components
- Innate immunity includes physical barriers (skin, mucous membranes), chemical barriers (tears, saliva, stomach acid), and natural flora, all functioning to prevent infection.
Specific Allergic and Immune Disorders
- Autoimmune disorders like lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, and glomerulonephritis arise from the immune system attacking itself.
- Symptoms of mild transfusion reactions can include dermatitis, urticaria, and orthopnea; such reactions require monitoring and potential intervention.
Immunotherapy and Its Effects
- Immunotherapy typically involves increasing doses over time to desensitize patients to allergens, closely monitored for potential anaphylaxis.
Latex Allergy and Cross-Reactivity
- Individuals with latex allergies may exhibit cross-sensitivities to foods like avocados, bananas, and tomatoes, indicating the need for careful dietary considerations.
Overall Immune Function
- The immune system protects the body’s internal environment, maintains homeostasis by removing damaged cells, and destroys abnormal growth, supporting health and recovery.### Plasmapheresis Procedure Sequence
- Plasmapheresis involves removing whole blood from one arm for processing.
- Blood is circulated through a cell separator that divides plasma from its cellular components.
- Undesirable components, such as antibodies or toxins, are removed during the separation process.
- The remaining plasma is returned to the body through a vein in the opposite arm.
- Lost plasma volume is replaced using lactated Ringer's solution, normal saline, frozen plasma, or albumin.
Important Steps in Plasmapheresis
- Step A: Whole blood is drawn from one arm.
- Step B: Blood is processed in a cell separator.
- Step D: Plasma is separated from cellular components for removal.
- Step F: Undesirable substances are eliminated from the plasma.
- Step C: The processed plasma is returned to the patient.
- Step E: Plasma volume is replenished with appropriate solutions.
Studying That Suits You
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Description
Test your knowledge on immunocompetence and immune disorders with these flashcards from Chapter 55. Each question helps reinforce your understanding of how the immune system functions and how it responds to various conditions.
