Chapter 55: Immune Disorder Flashcards

Questions and Answers

The nurse stresses that when a person produces his own antibodies against a specific antigen, that process of immunity is __ immunity.

active acquired

A type IV latex allergy is characterized by ____ _.

contact dermatitis

The process of immunity through a controlled exposure to an attenuated organism to stimulate the production of antibodies is _______________.

immunization

A transfusion using blood from one's own blood is a(n) ___________ transfusion.

autologous Signup and view all the answers

The transfer of tissue between genetically identical individuals (twins) is a(n) ________.

isograft Signup and view all the answers

Place the physiologic responses of an allergic asthma attack in sequence: (Separate letters by a comma and space as follows: A, B, C, D)

f = Exposure to pollen d = Activation of mast cells a = Release of histamine c = Vasodilation b = Edema e = Bronchospasm Signup and view all the answers

What is the sequence of a plasmapheresis procedure? (Separate letters by a comma and space as follows: A, B, C, D)

A, B, D, F, C, E Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of immunocompetence? (Select all that apply)

When the symptoms of a common cold disappear in 1 day Signup and view all the answers

What should be the nurse's first intervention for a patient with angioedema and dyspnea after eating a peanut butter sandwich?

Provide oxygen per non-rebreathing mask Signup and view all the answers

What is the etiology of autoimmune diseases based on?

B and T cells producing autoantibodies Signup and view all the answers

The nursing plan of care for a patient with secondary immunodeficiency should include which provision?

Infection control Signup and view all the answers

When the antigen and antibody react, the complement system is activated which:

Attracts phagocytes Signup and view all the answers

How does normal aging change the immune system?

B cells show deficiencies in activity Signup and view all the answers

What would the nurse recommend for a 94-year-old home health patient with deteriorated cell-mediated immunity?

Getting pneumonia vaccine Signup and view all the answers

Which comment indicates a need for additional teaching during discharge after an allergic reaction to a bee sting?

I will need to take maintenance doses of corticosteroids to prevent reactions to further stings. Signup and view all the answers

What is the substance released by the T cells that stimulates the lymphocytes to attack an inflammation?

Lymphokine Signup and view all the answers

Which action by the nurse is most appropriate for a patient complaining of itching and dizziness after an intradermal injection during allergy testing?

Administer subcutaneous epinephrine Signup and view all the answers

Which person is most at risk for a hypersensitivity reaction?

84-year-old receiving penicillin for an annually recurring respiratory infection Signup and view all the answers

What is the benefit of using the antihistamine fexofenadine (Allegra) over diphenhydramine (Benadryl)?

Does not induce drowsiness Signup and view all the answers

What effect should the nurse assure the patient will occur from the subcutaneous injection of epinephrine for an asthma-like reaction?

Produce bronchodilation Signup and view all the answers

How have health care facilities reduced the incidence of serious latex reactions?

Using only powder-free gloves Signup and view all the answers

What should the nurse include to assess for in the plan of care for a patient undergoing plasmapheresis?

Hypotension Signup and view all the answers

What does a patient undergoing immunotherapy on a perennial basis need to receive?

Increased amounts and concentrations in 6-week cycles Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for transplantation of tissue between members of the same species?

Allograft Signup and view all the answers

In which patient should the nurse be most concerned about immunodeficiency disorder?

The patient on long-term radiation therapy for cancer Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of plasmapheresis in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis?

To remove pathologic substances present in the plasma Signup and view all the answers

When a patient received tetanus antitoxin with the antibodies in it, the patient received a __________ type of immunity.

Passive artificial Signup and view all the answers

What are the risks for older adults due to decreased production of saliva and gastric secretions?

Gastrointestinal infections Signup and view all the answers

What is the major negative effect of cell-mediated immunity?

Rejection of transplanted tissue Signup and view all the answers

What is B-cell proliferation dependent on?

Antigen stimulation Signup and view all the answers

What timeframe must blood be transfused within once it has been removed from refrigeration?

4 hours Signup and view all the answers

What is the first action a nurse must take when arriving at a patient's bedside with a unit of packed cells?

Check to ensure that the donor and recipient numbers match according to policy Signup and view all the answers

What should be the nurse's initial action for a patient experiencing chills, itching, and shortness of breath after a transfusion?

Stop the transfusion and continue with saline Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom would be classified as a mild transfusion reaction?

Orthopnea Signup and view all the answers

What should the nurse do after administering an increased dose of allergen in immunotherapy?

Observe the patient for at least 20 minutes after administration Signup and view all the answers

If a nurse is sensitive to latex gloves, what potential food sensitivities might the nurse develop? (Select all that apply)

Bananas Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following provide the body with innate immunity? (Select all that apply)

Skin and mucous membranes Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are diseases resulting from one's own immune system attacking the body? (Select all that apply)

Rheumatoid arthritis Signup and view all the answers

What are the functions of the immune system? (Select all that apply)

Maintenance of homeostasis by removing damaged cells Signup and view all the answers

What are examples of active acquired immunity? (Select all that apply)

An inoculation against measles Signup and view all the answers

What is humoral immunity based on? (Select all that apply)

The body's response to an antigen Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Immunocompetence and Immune Response

Immunocompetence is the ability of the immune system to respond effectively to foreign stimuli, as demonstrated by quick resolution of symptoms like a common cold.
T and B cells are key players in immunity; failure to maintain normal function leads to autoimmune diseases where the body attacks its own cells.

Anaphylactic Reactions and First Interventions

In cases of severe allergic reactions, such as angioedema and dyspnea from peanut allergies, providing oxygen is the primary intervention due to the risk of rapid deterioration.
Epinephrine is critical for immediate allergic response treatment and should be administered at the first sign of an allergic reaction.

Autoimmune Disorders

Autoimmune diseases are caused by B and T cells producing autoantibodies that mistakenly target the body's own tissues, failing to distinguish "self" from "foreign."
Patients undergoing chemotherapy may have secondary immunodeficiency and require heightened infection control measures.

Aging and Immunity

Aging results in decreased activity of B cells, affecting immune response; the thymus size decreases while bone marrow function remains intact.
Older adults are recommended to get pneumonia vaccinations due to compromised cell-mediated immunity.

Allergy Management and Education

Patients with known allergies should be educated on epinephrine administration, avoiding long-term corticosteroid use unless necessary.
Avoidance of allergens, like insect stings, is crucial; wearing Medic-Alert bracelets for quick identification is recommended.

Mechanisms of Immunity and Reactions

The complement system, activated by antigen-antibody reactions, attracts phagocytes to eliminate pathogens.
Lymphokines released by T cells stimulate lymphocyte activity and recruit macrophages.

Transfusion Safety and Reactions

Blood must be transfused within four hours of refrigeration removal; patient and donor compatibility checks are vital before transfusion.
Symptoms like chills, itching, and shortness of breath during transfusion require immediate cessation of the transfusion and administration of saline.

Types of Immunity

Passive artificial immunity is gained through antibody inoculation, such as tetanus antitoxin; active immunity occurs through infection or vaccination.
Autologous transfusions offer the best defense against transfusion reactions, as they use the patient's own blood.

Innate Immunity Components

Innate immunity includes physical barriers (skin, mucous membranes), chemical barriers (tears, saliva, stomach acid), and natural flora, all functioning to prevent infection.

Specific Allergic and Immune Disorders

Autoimmune disorders like lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, and glomerulonephritis arise from the immune system attacking itself.
Symptoms of mild transfusion reactions can include dermatitis, urticaria, and orthopnea; such reactions require monitoring and potential intervention.

Immunotherapy and Its Effects

Immunotherapy typically involves increasing doses over time to desensitize patients to allergens, closely monitored for potential anaphylaxis.

Latex Allergy and Cross-Reactivity

Individuals with latex allergies may exhibit cross-sensitivities to foods like avocados, bananas, and tomatoes, indicating the need for careful dietary considerations.

Overall Immune Function

The immune system protects the body’s internal environment, maintains homeostasis by removing damaged cells, and destroys abnormal growth, supporting health and recovery.### Plasmapheresis Procedure Sequence
Plasmapheresis involves removing whole blood from one arm for processing.
Blood is circulated through a cell separator that divides plasma from its cellular components.
Undesirable components, such as antibodies or toxins, are removed during the separation process.
The remaining plasma is returned to the body through a vein in the opposite arm.
Lost plasma volume is replaced using lactated Ringer's solution, normal saline, frozen plasma, or albumin.

Important Steps in Plasmapheresis

Step A: Whole blood is drawn from one arm.
Step B: Blood is processed in a cell separator.
Step D: Plasma is separated from cellular components for removal.
Step F: Undesirable substances are eliminated from the plasma.
Step C: The processed plasma is returned to the patient.
Step E: Plasma volume is replenished with appropriate solutions.

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Test your knowledge on immunocompetence and immune disorders with these flashcards from Chapter 55. Each question helps reinforce your understanding of how the immune system functions and how it responds to various conditions.