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Questions and Answers
Questions and Answers
Select the most correct statement concerning skin cancer.
Select the most correct statement concerning skin cancer.
- Melanomas are rare but must be removed quickly to prevent them from metastasizing. (correct)
- Squamous cell carcinomas arise from the stratum corneum.
- Most tumors that arise on the skin are malignant.
- Basal cell carcinomas are the least common but most malignant.
The major regions of a hair shaft include all of the following except ________.
The major regions of a hair shaft include all of the following except ________.
- Cuticle
- Medulla
- External root sheath (correct)
- Cortex
The single most important risk for skin cancer is ________.
The single most important risk for skin cancer is ________.
- Overexposure to UV radiation (correct)
- Use of farm chemicals
- Race
- Genetics
A splinter penetrated into the skin of the sole of the foot, almost to the papillary region of the dermis. Which layer of the epidermis would be the final layer injured?
A splinter penetrated into the skin of the sole of the foot, almost to the papillary region of the dermis. Which layer of the epidermis would be the final layer injured?
Which of the following is a skin sensory receptor for touch?
Which of the following is a skin sensory receptor for touch?
Which statement correctly explains why hair appears the way it does?
Which statement correctly explains why hair appears the way it does?
The function of the root hair plexus is to ________.
The function of the root hair plexus is to ________.
Which glands produce ear wax?
Which glands produce ear wax?
The reason the hypodermis acts as a shock absorber is that ________.
The reason the hypodermis acts as a shock absorber is that ________.
Which of the following cells and their functions are correctly matched?
Which of the following cells and their functions are correctly matched?
Melanocytes and keratinocytes work together in protecting the skin from UV damage when keratinocytes ________.
Melanocytes and keratinocytes work together in protecting the skin from UV damage when keratinocytes ________.
The epidermis consists of five layers of cells, which layer is responsible for cell division and replacement?
The epidermis consists of five layers of cells, which layer is responsible for cell division and replacement?
Water loss through the epidermis could cause a serious threat to health and well-being. Which of the following protects us against excessive water loss through the skin?
Water loss through the epidermis could cause a serious threat to health and well-being. Which of the following protects us against excessive water loss through the skin?
The dermis is a strong, flexible connective tissue layer. Which of the following cell types are likely to be found in the dermis?
The dermis is a strong, flexible connective tissue layer. Which of the following cell types are likely to be found in the dermis?
The dermis has two major layers. Which layer constitutes 80% of the dermis and is responsible for the tension lines in the skin?
The dermis has two major layers. Which layer constitutes 80% of the dermis and is responsible for the tension lines in the skin?
Despite its apparent durability, the dermis is subject to tearing. How might a person know that the dermis has been previously stretched and/or torn?
Despite its apparent durability, the dermis is subject to tearing. How might a person know that the dermis has been previously stretched and/or torn?
The papillary layer of the dermis is composed of loosely packed connective tissue with numerous peg-like projections that provide a great deal of surface area connecting the dermis to the epidermis. Which of the statements below do not represent benefits provided by the papillary layer's anatomy?
The papillary layer of the dermis is composed of loosely packed connective tissue with numerous peg-like projections that provide a great deal of surface area connecting the dermis to the epidermis. Which of the statements below do not represent benefits provided by the papillary layer's anatomy?
The friction ridges seen in finger, palm and foot prints are different among various people but very similar between identical twins. This evidence suggests which of the following?
The friction ridges seen in finger, palm and foot prints are different among various people but very similar between identical twins. This evidence suggests which of the following?
Which of the following statements indicates the way in which the body's natural defenses protect the skin from the effects of UV damage?
Which of the following statements indicates the way in which the body's natural defenses protect the skin from the effects of UV damage?
What are the most important factors influencing hair growth?
What are the most important factors influencing hair growth?
Sudoriferous (sweat) glands are categorized as two distinct types. Which of the following are the two types of sweat glands?
Sudoriferous (sweat) glands are categorized as two distinct types. Which of the following are the two types of sweat glands?
The composition of the secretions of the eccrine glands is ________.
The composition of the secretions of the eccrine glands is ________.
Apocrine glands, which begin to function at puberty under hormonal influence, seem to play little role in thermoregulation. Where would we find these glands in the human body?
Apocrine glands, which begin to function at puberty under hormonal influence, seem to play little role in thermoregulation. Where would we find these glands in the human body?
The sebaceous glands are simple alveolar glands that secrete a substance known as sebum. The secretion of sebum is stimulated ________.
The sebaceous glands are simple alveolar glands that secrete a substance known as sebum. The secretion of sebum is stimulated ________.
In addition to protection (physical and chemical barrier), the skin serves other functions. Which of the following is another vital function of the skin?
In addition to protection (physical and chemical barrier), the skin serves other functions. Which of the following is another vital function of the skin?
Burns are devastating and debilitating because of loss of fluids and electrolytes from the body. How do physicians estimate the extent of burn damage associated with such dangerous fluid loss?
Burns are devastating and debilitating because of loss of fluids and electrolytes from the body. How do physicians estimate the extent of burn damage associated with such dangerous fluid loss?
Eyebrow hairs are always shorter than hairs on your head because ________.
Eyebrow hairs are always shorter than hairs on your head because ________.
Cells of the stratum spinosum have many interlocking desmosomes that will remain between the cells as they migrate to the stratum corneum. These cell junctions serve the body by ________.
Cells of the stratum spinosum have many interlocking desmosomes that will remain between the cells as they migrate to the stratum corneum. These cell junctions serve the body by ________.
Which of the following examples illustrates homeostasis maintained by a negative feedback?
Which of the following examples illustrates homeostasis maintained by a negative feedback?
Which of the following examples illustrates homeostasis maintained by a negative feedback?
Which of the following examples illustrates homeostasis maintained by a negative feedback?
Which of the following examples illustrates homeostasis maintained by a negative feedback?
Which of the following examples illustrates homeostasis maintained by a negative feedback?
Which layer of skin is LEAST protected by melanin?
Which layer of skin is LEAST protected by melanin?
Which layer of the epidermis will be supplied with the highest levels of oxygen from the blood?
Which layer of the epidermis will be supplied with the highest levels of oxygen from the blood?
A patient has skin that is slightly blue in color. A likely treatment for this person might be ________.
A patient has skin that is slightly blue in color. A likely treatment for this person might be ________.
The arrector pili muscle's predominant, useful function in humans is to ________.
The arrector pili muscle's predominant, useful function in humans is to ________.
Which of the following is not one of the functions of the skin?
Which of the following is not one of the functions of the skin?
All of the following will help the skin to fight infection but one. Which of the following will have little effect on the skin's ability to fight infection?
All of the following will help the skin to fight infection but one. Which of the following will have little effect on the skin's ability to fight infection?
A light-skinned person who is very cold may have a pale appearance. Which of the following is the best explanation for why this might be so?
A light-skinned person who is very cold may have a pale appearance. Which of the following is the best explanation for why this might be so?
A surgeon opens her patient by cutting the integument parallel to the cleavage lines of the dermis (tension lines). This will result in ________.
A surgeon opens her patient by cutting the integument parallel to the cleavage lines of the dermis (tension lines). This will result in ________.
A light-skinned person may appear pink when they become overheated. The best explanation for this is ________.
A light-skinned person may appear pink when they become overheated. The best explanation for this is ________.
William has a cut that is superficial, painful but not bleeding. Based on this information you would predict that the cut has penetrated to ________.
William has a cut that is superficial, painful but not bleeding. Based on this information you would predict that the cut has penetrated to ________.
The surge of sex hormones that accompanies puberty has a wide range of effects on the body. One of those effects is to enhance the activity of the sebaceous glands, increasing the production of sebum. Which of the following is the most likely to result from the increased sebaceous activity?
The surge of sex hormones that accompanies puberty has a wide range of effects on the body. One of those effects is to enhance the activity of the sebaceous glands, increasing the production of sebum. Which of the following is the most likely to result from the increased sebaceous activity?
Which type of skin cancer appears as a scaly reddened papule and tends to grow rapidly and metastasize?
Which type of skin cancer appears as a scaly reddened papule and tends to grow rapidly and metastasize?
A needle would pierce the epidermal layers of the forearm in which order?
A needle would pierce the epidermal layers of the forearm in which order?
What is the first threat to life from a massive third-degree burn?
What is the first threat to life from a massive third-degree burn?
When a patient is said to have 'third-degree burns,' this indicates that the patient has burns that cover approximately one-third or more of the body.
When a patient is said to have 'third-degree burns,' this indicates that the patient has burns that cover approximately one-third or more of the body.
Joe just burned himself on a hot pot. A blister forms and the burn is painful. Joe's burn would best be described as a third-degree burn.
Joe just burned himself on a hot pot. A blister forms and the burn is painful. Joe's burn would best be described as a third-degree burn.
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Study Notes
Study Notes
Skin Cancer
- Melanomas must be removed quickly to prevent metastasis; they are rare.
- Basal cell carcinomas are the most common skin cancers but are usually less malignant compared to others.
- Squamous cell carcinomas arise from the stratum corneum.
Hair Structure
- Hair shafts consist of cortex, cuticle, and medulla. The external root sheath is not a major region.
- Hair growth is influenced by nutrition and hormones, with the size and number of hair follicles playing a role.
Skin Layers and Damage
- The epidermis has five layers; the stratum basale is responsible for cell division.
- A splinter reaching the papillary region of the dermis would injure the stratum basale last.
- Cells in the stratum spinosum connect via desmosomes, providing mechanical strength to the epidermis.
Sensory Receptors
- Tactile corpuscles are the primary sensory receptors for touch in the skin.
- The root hair plexus assists in touch sensation related to hair follicles.
Glandular Functions
- Ceruminous glands are responsible for producing ear wax.
- Sebaceous glands secrete sebum and are activated by hormones, especially androgens.
- Apocrine glands function primarily in the axillary and anogenital regions and become active at puberty.
Dermis Composition and Function
- The dermis comprises fibroblasts, macrophages, and mast cells, offering strength and flexibility.
- The reticular layer forms 80% of the dermis and dictates skin tension lines.
- The papillary layer contains structures that provide nutrients to the epidermis and enhance sensory perception.
Skin Protection and Homeostasis
- Glycolipids secreted by keratinocytes help prevent excessive water loss through the skin.
- The skin protects against UV damage by synthesizing melanin which helps block harmful rays.
- Changes in skin color can indicate various conditions, including Addison's disease, which may present as a bronze appearance.
Burns and Treatment
- The "rule of nines" is used to estimate body surface area affected by burns, indicating fluid loss risk.
- Third-degree burns do not typically present with pain due to sensory nerve damage.
- A superficial, painful cut that does not bleed likely penetrates to the stratum basale.
Hair Characteristics
- Eyebrow hairs are shorter than scalp hair due to their follicles being active for only a few months.
Skin Color and Conditions
- A skin appearance can signify underlying conditions; for example, a blue tint may suggest oxygen deficiency.
- Skin's tachycardia or blushing can occur due to vasodilation of dermal blood vessels, enhancing blood flow during overheating.
Key Terms
- Sebum: Oily substance produced by sebaceous glands, increases during hormonal changes.
- Adenoma: Non-cancerous glandular tumor; recognition of skin growth types is crucial in dermatological assessments.
- Dermatological Assessment: Methods include evaluating skin types and identifying potential malignancies through visual exams and biopsies.
General Functions of the Skin
- Functions include protection, insulation, sensation, vitamin D synthesis, and regulation of water loss.
- The skin's structure contributes to its ability to serve as a barrier and sensory organ, highlighting the interconnectedness of skin layers and their associated functions.
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