Chapter 5: Freedom of Expression
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Questions and Answers

Which statement correctly defines obscene speech?

  • It appeals to the average person's intellectual interest.
  • It lacks serious artistic value. (correct)
  • It is a type of defamation.
  • It must be public to qualify as obscene.

    • What is considered a form of defamation?

  • Expressing an opinion publicly.
  • Sharing a rumor without evidence.
  • Publishing a false statement that harms someone. (correct)
  • Conducting a private conversation about someone.

    • Which of the following is NOT part of the right to freedom of expression?

  • Symbolic expression. (correct)
  • Sedition.
  • Incitement to crime.
  • Hate speech.

    • What challenge does the Internet present concerning freedom of expression?

    <p>It complicates children’s access to harmful content. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a key issue with the Communications Decency Act (CDA)?

    <p>It had broad and vague definitions of indecency. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which law applies specifically to commercial communications aimed at protecting minors?

    <p>The Child Online Protection Act. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common characteristic of 'fighting words' that excludes them from freedom of expression?

    <p>They provoke immediate violence or disorder. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about anonymity in expression is true?

    <p>Anonymity can be a crucial right in expressing dissenting opinions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of an Internet filter?

    <p>To block access to inappropriate material (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which filtering method evaluates a website's content immediately before displaying it?

    <p>Dynamic content filtering (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the ICRA rating system generate a content label?

    <p>Using a questionnaire for web authors (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an Anonymous remailer service responsible for?

    <p>Stripping the originating address from emails (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of the 'John Doe' lawsuit?

    <p>Defendant communicates anonymously or with a pseudonym (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of ISP blocking?

    <p>To perform blocking at the ISP server level (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which filtering method relies on web authors to rate their site?

    <p>ICRA rating system (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What potential negative outcome can arise from the principle of anonymous expression?

    <p>Use as a tool for illegal or unethical activities (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Freedom of Expression

    The right to communicate ideas, beliefs and sentiments, including non-verbal forms, without censorship or legal threats.

    Obscene Speech

    Speech judged offensive, likely to arouse lustful thoughts. It has no inherent artistic or social value.

    Defamation

    False statements harming another person's reputation, often financially.

    Slander

    Oral form of defamation.

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    Libel

    Written form of defamation.

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    Controlling Internet Info Access

    Regulation of information online, often concerning children's safety and access to potentially harmful content.

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    Communications Decency Act (CDA)

    Attempt to limit access to harmful online content for children, using broad definitions of indecency.

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    Child Online Protection Act (COPA)

    Law addressing internet content for kids, targeting commercial communication.

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    Internet filter

    Software that blocks access to specific websites deemed inappropriate or offensive.

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    URL filtering

    A method of blocking access to specific websites or domains based on their URLs.

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    Keyword filtering

    Blocking websites based on the keywords or phrases found within their content.

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    Dynamic content filtering

    Filtering websites by analyzing their content immediately before displaying it.

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    ICRA rating system

    A system that rates website content based on a questionnaire, employing the PICS standard, allowing users to block content.

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    ISP blocking

    Blocking access to specific websites performed by an internet service provider (ISP) on their servers.

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    Anonymous remailer service

    A computer program that hides the sender's IP address when sending an email.

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    John Doe lawsuit

    A legal case where the defendant's identity is temporarily hidden, common in internet libel cases.

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    Study Notes

    Chapter 5: Freedom of Expression

    • The Internet presents new challenges to freedom of expression.
    • Key free-speech issues relate to the use of information technology.

    Freedom of Expression

    • The right to freedom of expression is a fundamental right for free people.
    • This includes nonverbal, visual, and symbolic forms of expression.
    • Freedom of expression also includes the right to speak anonymously.

    Freedom of Expression (continued)

    • Examples of expression that are not protected by freedom of expression:
      • obscene speech
      • defamation
      • incitement of panic
      • incitement to crime
      • "fighting words"
      • sedition

    Obscene Speech

    • Speech is considered obscene when the average person finds the content appealing to prurient interests.
    • The work describes conduct in an offensive way.
    • It lacks serious literary, artistic, political, or scientific value.

    Defamation

    • Defamation is the publication of a false statement of alleged fact that harms another person.
    • Often, harm is financial.
    • Slander is an oral defamatory statement.
    • Libel is a written defamatory statement.

    Freedom of Expression: Key Issues

    • Controlling access to information on the Internet.
    • Issues of anonymity.
    • Defamation.
    • Hate speech.
    • Pornography.

    Controlling Access to Information on the Internet

    • Freedom of speech on the Internet is complicated by children's access.
    • The Communications Decency Act (CDA) aimed to protect children from online pornography but was found unconstitutional.
    • Child Online Protection Act (COPA) applied to commercial communications and imposed penalties for exposing minors to harmful material.
    • Internet filters block access to inappropriate or offensive Web sites.
    • URL filtering blocks specific URLs or domain names.
    • Keyword filtering blocks key words or phrases.
    • Dynamic content filtering evaluates content before display.
    • Methods like object analysis and image recognition are used.
    • ICRA rating systems and PICS standards provide questionnaires and content labels.
    • ISP blocking controls access on the ISP server (e.g., ClearSail/Family.NET).

    Anonymity

    • The principle of anonymous expression allows individuals to express opinions without revealing their identity.
    • Anonymous remailer services forward messages with the origin address removed.
    • John Doe lawsuits temporarily mask the defendant's identity (common in Internet libel cases).

    Defamation and Hate Speech

    • Sending threatening messages, displaying messages with intent to commit hate-motivated violence, and libel against a specific person are actions that can be prosecuted.
    • Some ISPs voluntarily prohibit subscribers from sending hate messages.
    • ISPs must monitor service use and take action when terms are violated.

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    Related Documents

    Ethics in Information Technology (2nd Edition) PDF

    Description

    Explore the complexities of freedom of expression in the digital age with Chapter 5. This quiz covers key issues such as the limits of free speech, nonverbal expression, and the distinctions between protected and unprotected speech. Test your understanding of how information technology impacts these fundamental rights.

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