Freedom of Expression (CLO2)
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Questions and Answers

What is a key requirement for high-quality software?

  • It must operate safely and dependably. (correct)
  • It needs to be developed within a fixed budget.
  • It should be completed as quickly as possible.
  • It should be visually appealing to users.

Which methodology is essential for ensuring the development of quality software?

  • Prioritizing speed over quality and testing.
  • Ignoring past mistakes to foster innovation.
  • Defining clear requirements and following best practices. (correct)
  • Relying solely on user feedback during development.

What is included in the ethical issues of software development?

  • Increasing the budget without justification.
  • Balancing project schedules, costs, and software quality. (correct)
  • Guaranteeing user satisfaction at all costs.
  • Using untested methodologies to save time.

What characterizes safety-critical systems?

<p>Their failure could result in significant harm. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'digital divide' refer to?

<p>The gap between those who have access to ICT and those who do not. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes product liability?

<p>Manufacturers can be held liable for injuries from defective products. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which tool can help to enhance the quality of software before release?

<p>Implementing rigorous testing and quality assurance protocols. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA) evaluate?

<p>System reliability and potential failures in early project stages. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is included in the definition of freedom of expression?

<p>Nonverbal expression and anonymity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following types of speech is NOT protected under freedom of expression?

<p>Obscene speech (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary basis for the protection of freedom of expression in the U.S.?

<p>The First Amendment (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which action is considered defamation under freedom of expression?

<p>Posting false information about someone's character (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does anonymity in freedom of expression ensure?

<p>Privacy in expressing opinions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following issues do Internet filtering laws primarily address?

<p>Children's access to inappropriate material (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can be a negative aspect of anonymous communication?

<p>Facilitation of illegal activities (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of copyright laws?

<p>To protect original works such as books and music (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How might Internet Service Providers (ISPs) handle hate speech?

<p>Monitor and control hate speech without violating freedom of expression (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a requirement for obtaining a patent?

<p>It must be obvious to experts (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the Fair Use Doctrine allow regarding copyrighted works?

<p>Limited use based on specific criteria (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which category is NOT considered a type of Intellectual Property?

<p>Personal opinions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can a company protect its trade secrets?

<p>By taking active steps like nondisclosure agreements (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is considered plagiarism?

<p>Using someone else’s ideas or words without attribution (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which law specifically addresses penalties for digital copyright infringement?

<p>Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best defines the term 'intellectual property'?

<p>Creations of the mind owned by individuals or groups (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of the Ed-Tech Program?

<p>To improve academic achievement through technology. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which technology is NOT mentioned as a method to reduce healthcare costs?

<p>Artificial Intelligence (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the steps in the seven-step approach of the Ed-Tech Program?

<p>Support e-learning and virtual schools. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Store-and-Forward Telemedicine involve?

<p>Collecting and sending patient data for later assessment. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary benefit of employing contingent workers for companies?

<p>No requirement to pay employee benefits. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a disadvantage of the E-Rate Program?

<p>It has faced issues like abuse and waste. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How much could Electronic Health Records (EHRs) potentially save annually in healthcare?

<p>$78 billion to $400 billion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What technology enables healthcare staff to be located efficiently?

<p>Mobile and Wireless Technologies (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the main advantages of using contingent workers?

<p>Flexibility to adjust staffing based on demand (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant challenge associated with offshore outsourcing?

<p>Cultural misunderstandings (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following steps is NOT part of the whistle-blowing process?

<p>Hold a public protest (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key feature of green computing products?

<p>Includes more recyclable materials (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What organization developed the IT Industry Code of Conduct?

<p>Electronic Industry Citizenship Coalition (EICC) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a prerequisite for successful offshore outsourcing?

<p>Strong project management (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the ethical concerns related to contingent workforces?

<p>High turnover rate (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the RoHS Directive primarily focus on?

<p>Limiting harmful materials in manufacturing (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of speech is defined as offensive content with no artistic, political, or scientific value?

<p>Obscene Speech (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which law might be used to control children's access to inappropriate material online?

<p>Communications Decency Act (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What issue does anonymity in online communication help address, but can also contribute to?

<p>Illegal or unethical actions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes speech that promotes rebellion against authority?

<p>Sedition (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do Internet Service Providers (ISPs) generally handle hate speech without violating freedom of expression?

<p>Implementing content moderation policies (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following forms of communication falls under the definition of freedom of expression?

<p>Visual and symbolic forms (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can be a consequence of Internet filtering techniques employed by ISPs?

<p>Limitations on freedom of expression (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of speech is specifically aimed at provoking violence?

<p>Fighting Words (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of intellectual property protects original written or artistic works?

<p>Copyright Laws (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a requirement for an invention to qualify for patent protection?

<p>It must be useful, novel, and non-obvious (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the Fair Use Doctrine justify regarding copyrighted works?

<p>Limited use based on certain criteria (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of confidential business information protected as a trade secret?

<p>Formula for a soft drink (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What must a company do to protect its trade secrets effectively?

<p>Take active steps, such as implementing nondisclosure agreements (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a potential consequence of patent infringement?

<p>Monetary penalties against the infringer (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What constitutes plagiarism in academic and professional settings?

<p>Using someone else's ideas or words without proper attribution (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What essential feature distinguishes intellectual property from physical property?

<p>It consists of creations of the mind (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the main goals of the Ed-Tech Program?

<p>Promote academic achievement through technology (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can telemedicine improve healthcare access?

<p>By allowing remote medical care via telecommunications (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant benefit of Electronic Health Records (EHRs)?

<p>Reduces diagnostic errors and duplicate tests (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which step is NOT part of the seven-step approach in the Ed-Tech Program?

<p>Expand school infrastructure (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of telemedicine involves real-time interactions?

<p>Live Telemedicine (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which initiative aims to provide discounted access to technology for educational institutions?

<p>E-Rate Program (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the use of optimization technologies aim to achieve?

<p>Make computing and communication more accessible and affordable (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a primary disadvantage of the E-Rate Program?

<p>Problems related to abuse and waste (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect is essential for ensuring the safety of safety-critical systems?

<p>Adhering to rigorous testing and quality assurance (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a necessary component of quality management in software development?

<p>Defining and measuring the development process (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes an outcome of the digital divide?

<p>Disparities in ICT access leading to social inequality (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which methodology is vital to prevent human errors in software development?

<p>Defining clear requirements and following best practices (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does product liability refer to in the context of software development?

<p>Manufacturers can be held accountable for defects causing harm (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which tool can help evaluate potential failures early in the software development lifecycle?

<p>Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How should software developers approach ethical issues in their projects?

<p>Balance project demands with quality and ethical standards (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a crucial requirement for high-quality software in critical domains?

<p>A high degree of availability and reliability (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential disadvantage of employing contingent workers?

<p>Reduced commitment from workers. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a challenge associated with offshore outsourcing?

<p>Cultural misunderstandings. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key aspect of the whistle-blowing process?

<p>Documenting evidence. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which key feature is essential for green computing products?

<p>Reduced environmental impact. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly describes the IT Industry Code of Conduct?

<p>It promotes ethical and responsible practices voluntarily. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a prerequisite for success in offshore outsourcing?

<p>Effective communication systems. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a notable ethical concern related to contingent workforces?

<p>Fair treatment and compliance with labor laws. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which directive limits the use of harmful materials in manufacturing?

<p>RoHS Directive. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Freedom of Expression (FoE)

The right to communicate ideas, opinions, and information without censorship or restraint. This includes speech (verbal and written), nonverbal expression, and anonymity.

Unprotected Speech

Categories of speech that are not protected under freedom of expression laws, including obscene speech, defamation, incitement to violence, and fighting words.

First Amendment

The US constitutional amendment that guarantees freedom of expression as essential for a democracy.

Obscene Speech

Offensive content lacking artistic, political, or scientific merit.

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Defamation

False statements harming someone's reputation (slander-spoken, libel-written).

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Internet Filtering

Software or tools blocking inappropriate websites, often used by families or companies.

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Hate Speech

Online messages expressing hate or violence, sometimes leading to pressure on ISPs for content control.

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Anonymity Online

Ensuring privacy while expressing opinions or hiding identity, sometimes enabling illegal activities.

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Digital Divide

The gap in access to technology and its benefits, often stemming from differences in income, geography, or societal conditions.

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E-Rate Program

A US government program offering discounts on internet access and tech for schools and libraries, aiming to bridge the digital divide.

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Ed-Tech Program

A program that uses technology to improve education, close the digital gap, and encourage effective tech integration in classrooms.

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Optimization Technologies

Efforts to make computers and communication more affordable, accessible, and efficient for everyone.

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Electronic Health Records (EHRs)

Digital systems capturing and storing patient medical data, improving accuracy, reducing errors, and promoting interoperability.

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Mobile & Wireless Technology in Healthcare

Using mobile devices to access patient data at the bedside, scan medications, and locate staff efficiently.

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Telemedicine

Providing medical care remotely using telecommunications, offering healthcare access to remote areas.

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Contingent Workers

Temporary workers hired for specific projects or tasks, often without benefits like healthcare.

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Intellectual Property (IP)

Creative work "owned" by individuals or groups, protected by laws like copyright, patents, and trade secrets.

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Copyright Law

Protects original creative works, giving creators rights to reproduce, distribute, and create new works based on the original.

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Patent Law

Protects new inventions, granting creators exclusive rights for a set time.

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Trade Secret

Confidential business information that gives a company an edge, like formulas or strategies.

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Fair Use Doctrine

Allows limited use of copyrighted material without permission, based on the use's purpose and effect on the original work's value.

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Plagiarism

Using others' ideas without giving them credit.

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Copyright Infringement

Using copyrighted material without permission.

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Patent Infringement

Unauthorized use of a patented invention.

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Offshore Outsourcing

Sending work to companies in other countries, usually to reduce costs.

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Whistle-Blowing

Exposing illegal or unethical activities within an organization to protect the public.

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Green Computing

Using technology in ways that minimize environmental impact.

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EPEAT

A program that helps buyers choose environmentally friendly electronics based on criteria.

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IT Industry Code of Conduct

A voluntary set of standards for ICT companies to promote ethical practices.

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RoHS Directive

A directive limiting harmful materials in electronics manufacturing.

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Safe Disposal

Proper methods for discarding used electronics to minimize environmental harm.

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Software Development

The process of creating software systems that meet user needs, including defining requirements, designing, coding, testing, and maintaining applications.

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High-Quality Software

Software that operates safely, reliably, and effectively, meeting users' needs while minimizing defects. It also includes proper quality management to define, measure, and refine the development process.

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Software Development Issues

Challenges in software development, including ethical dilemmas, legal liability, choosing suitable methodologies, and ensuring safety in critical systems.

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Ethical Issues in Software Development

Balancing project schedules, costs, and software quality, as well as the consequences of releasing defective software.

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Safety-Critical Systems

Systems where failure could cause injury or death, such as medical devices and airplane navigation.

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ISO 9000 Standards

A framework for ensuring quality in products, services, and management, used in software development to promote high-quality standards.

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Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA)

A method for evaluating system reliability and identifying potential failures early in the software development lifecycle.

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What protects FoE?

The First Amendment of the US Constitution guarantees freedom of expression, as it is essential for democracy and individual liberty.

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Incitement to Panic or Crime

Speech that causes unnecessary panic or promotes illegal acts. It's not protected by freedom of expression.

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Hate Speech Online

Messages that express hatred or violence against individuals or groups. ISPs may face pressure to control this content.

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Challenges with Child Online Protection

Controlling children's access to inappropriate online content is a ongoing challenge, involving laws like the CDA and COPA, and filtering techniques.

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FMEA: Failure Mode and Effects Analysis

A method for evaluating system reliability and identifying potential failures early in the software development lifecycle.

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Trade Secret Laws

Protect confidential business information that gives a company a competitive advantage, such as formulas, processes, or strategies.

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Software Patents

Protect processes or functions executed by computer programs.

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Noncompete Agreements

Prevent employees from joining competitors after leaving their current employer to safeguard trade secrets.

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What are the benefits of using Electronic Health Records?

Electronic Health Records (EHRs) offer several benefits, including capturing and recording patient data, reducing diagnostic errors and duplicate tests, saving billions of dollars annually, and supporting the National Health Information Network (NHIN) for interoperable records while ensuring patient privacy.

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Contingent Workforce

Temporary workers hired for specific projects or tasks, often without benefits like healthcare.

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IT Code of Conduct

Voluntary set of standards for ICT companies to promote ethical and responsible practices.

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Study Notes

Freedom of Expression (CLO2)

  • Freedom of expression is the right to communicate ideas, opinions, and information without censorship.
  • It includes verbal and written communication, nonverbal expression, and the right to remain anonymous.
  • The First Amendment in the U.S. protects freedom of expression.

Protected and Unprotected Speech

  • Obscene speech (lacking artistic, political or scientific value) is unprotected.
  • Defamation (false statements harming someone's reputation) is unprotected (slander - spoken, libel - written).
  • Incitement to violence or panic; fighting words intended to provoke violence; and speech inciting rebellion are also unprotected.

Issues Affecting Communities and Organizations

  • Controlling Access to Information: Issues arise regarding children's access to inappropriate online content, and the use of laws like the Communications Decency Act (CDA) and Child Online Protection Act (COPA), as well as Internet filtering techniques like URL filtering.
  • Defamation and Hate Speech: Online hateful or offensive messages, defamation, and the violation of freedom of expression when Internet Service Providers (ISPs) restrict hate speech.
  • Anonymity: Ensures privacy but can enable illegal or unethical activities. Anonymous services like remailers are examples.
  • Internet Filtering: Software and tools block inappropriate websites (e.g., family-friendly ISPs).
  • Anonymous Communication: Allows for hiding the source of illegal activities (e.g., anonymous emails).
  • Hate Speech: ISPs may face pressure to monitor hate speech online.
  • Defamation: Cyber-libel occurs when individuals harm reputations anonymously.

Intellectual Property (CLO3)

  • Intellectual property (IP) refers to creations of the mind like literature, art, inventions, and trade secrets.
  • Laws protect IP through copyrights (original works like books, music, and software), patents (exclusive rights to inventions), and trade secrets (confidential business information).
  • Copyrightable works include music, books, movies, software, and art. The fair use doctrine allows limited use of copyrighted material without permission, depending on factors like purpose, amount, and impact on the original work's value.
  • Patents protect inventions, with requirements like usefulness, novelty, and non-obviousness.
  • Trade secrets protect unique business information (formulas, processes).
  • Plagiarism is using someone else's ideas or words without attribution.
  • The Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA) adds penalties for copyright infringement in digital media.

Software Development (CLO3)

  • Software development involves creating software systems that meet user needs.
  • Quality software is safe, dependable, and available. It also addresses critical domains like air traffic control and military systems.
  • Issues in software development include ethical issues (balancing quality, schedules, resources), liability (product liability for defects), safety-critical systems (e.g., medical) issues, and quality management frameworks (ISO 9000 Standards, failure mode and effects analysis [FMEA]).

Socio-Economic Impact and Digital Divide (CLO5)

  • The digital divide is the gap between those with and without access to information and communication technologies (ICT).
  • E-rate programs provide discounted technology access in schools and libraries.
  • Ed-Tech programs aim to improve academic achievement and close the digital divide.
  • Information and communication technologies (ICT) impact healthcare costs, with EHRs capturing patient information, reducing errors, and potentially saving costs, and telemedicine allowing remote medical care.

Implications of Computing in the Workplace (CLO4)

  • Contingent workers are temporary employees, often independent contractors or agency staff, that lack benefits but provide flexibility.
  • Offshore outsourcing involves contracting for work from foreign countries, primarily for cost savings.
  • Whistle-blowing involves exposing illegal or unethical activities in an organization.
  • Green computing practices aim to reduce technology's environmental impact.
  • IT industry codes of conduct, like those from the Electronic Industry Citizenship Coalition (EICC), promote ethical and responsible practices.

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Description

This quiz covers the fundamental concepts of freedom of expression, including its definitions, protections under the First Amendment, and distinctions between protected and unprotected speech. It also discusses issues impacting communities regarding information access and online content regulation.

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