Chapter 40: Hormones 2 The Endocrine System Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which hormone regulates the circadian rhythms and is released in the dark?

  • Dopamine
  • Melatonin (correct)
  • Prolactin
  • Endorphins

What is the function of prolactin in birds?

  • Enhances sexual gratification
  • Controls mammary gland development
  • Regulates salt and water balance
  • Stimulates growth of crop sac (correct)

Which hormone helps regulate endocrine glands such as thyroid stimulating hormone and growth hormones?

  • Somatostatin
  • Endorphins
  • Dopamine
  • Prolactin (correct)

Where is melatonin produced in the body?

<p>Pineal gland (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of crop milk in birds?

<p>Feeding young birds (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does light affect the release of melatonin?

<p>Inhibits its release (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What physiological changes do Siberian hamsters undergo in winter?

<p>They are white and do not reproduce (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) secreted by the anterior pituitary?

<p>Cause the follicles to produce thyroxine (T4) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What hormone does the thyroid gland produce to lower the concentration of calcium in the blood?

<p>Calcitonin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can result in an enlarged thyroid gland known as goiter?

<p>Excessive production of thyroxine (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common cause of hypothyroidism?

<p>Low TSH levels (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What key functions do thyroxine (T4) and T3 play in the body?

<p>Regulate body temperature and heart rate (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of osteoclasts in bone remodeling?

<p>Release Ca++ into the blood (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is responsible for stimulating osteoclasts to break down bone?

<p>Parathyroid hormone (PTH) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of calcitonin in regulating blood calcium levels?

<p>Blocks osteoclasts (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where are the parathyroid glands located in the human body?

<p>In the neck near the thyroid (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following hormones is responsible for reducing blood glucose levels?

<p>Insulin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of Type I diabetes mellitus?

<p>eta cells destroyed by autoimmune response (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which gland in the brain controls the endocrine system?

<p>Hypothalamus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the posterior pituitary gland?

<p>To store and release hormones produced in the hypothalamus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of oxytocin?

<p>To stimulate uterine contractions and milk production (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of anti-diuretic hormone (ADH)?

<p>To regulate water balance in the body (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is oxytocin produced and released from?

<p>Hypothalamus and posterior pituitary (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is responsible for reducing urine production?

<p>Anti-diuretic hormone (ADH) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormones are released in response to stress?

<p>Epinephrine and norepinephrine (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the hormones released during the 'fight-or-flight' response?

<p>To prepare the body for physical action (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organ breaks down glycogen to provide glucose during the 'fight-or-flight' response?

<p>Liver (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the placenta during pregnancy?

<p>To release gonadotropin hormones (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a function of the sex hormones (estrogen, testosterone, progesterone)?

<p>Regulation of blood sugar (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do the hormones released during the 'fight-or-flight' response affect the body?

<p>They increase heart rate and dilate blood vessels. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Melatonin: Circadian Rhythm Regulator

A hormone produced by the pineal gland, melatonin regulates circadian rhythms and is released in darkness.

Prolactin: Crop Milk Production

Prolactin stimulates the growth of the crop sac, an organ in birds that produces crop milk, a nutritious substance for feeding young birds.

Prolactin: Endocrine Regulation

Prolactin, produced by the anterior pituitary gland, regulates the release of other hormones such as thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and growth hormone.

Pineal Gland: Melatonin Production

The pineal gland, located in the brain, is responsible for the production of melatonin.

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Crop Milk: Bird Nutrition

Crop milk, a nutrient-rich substance produced by birds, is used to feed their young.

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Light Inhibition of Melatonin

Light inhibits the release of melatonin, which is why melatonin production increases at night.

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Siberian Hamster Winter Adaptation

Siberian hamsters undergo dramatic physiological changes in winter, becoming white in color and pausing reproduction. This adaptation helps them survive the harsh conditions.

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TSH: Thyroxine Production

Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) produced by the anterior pituitary gland acts on the thyroid gland, triggering the production of thyroxine (T4).

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Calcitonin: Calcium Regulation

Calcitonin, produced by the thyroid gland, lowers the concentration of calcium in the blood by inhibiting osteoclast activity.

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Goiter: Enlarged Thyroid

Goiter, an enlarged thyroid gland, can result from the excessive production of thyroxine (T4).

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Hypothyroidism: Low TSH

Hypothyroidism, a condition characterized by low levels of thyroid hormones, can be caused by low TSH levels. The pituitary gland produces insufficient TSH, leading to underactive thyroid.

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T4 & T3: Body Regulation

Thyroxine (T4) and its active form, T3, regulate essential bodily functions such as body temperature and heart rate.

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Osteoclasts: Bone Breakdown

Osteoclasts are responsible for breaking down bone, releasing calcium ions (Ca++) into the blood.

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PTH: Stimulates Osteoclasts

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) stimulates osteoclast activity, leading to the breakdown of bone and release of calcium into the blood.

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Calcitonin: Osteoclast Inhibition

Calcitonin plays a crucial role in calcium regulation, inhibiting the activity of osteoclasts, which prevents bone breakdown and lowers blood calcium levels.

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Parathyroid Glands: PTH Production

The parathyroid glands, located near the thyroid gland in the neck, produce parathyroid hormone (PTH) which is essential for calcium regulation.

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Insulin: Glucose Regulation

Insulin, produced by the pancreas, lowers blood glucose levels by facilitating the uptake of glucose into cells.

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Type 1 Diabetes: Beta Cell Destruction

Type 1 diabetes mellitus is an autoimmune disease that destroys beta cells in the pancreas, leading to a deficiency in insulin production.

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Hypothalamus: Endocrine Control Center

The hypothalamus, a region in the brain, acts as the control center for the endocrine system, regulating the release of hormones from the pituitary gland.

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Posterior Pituitary: Hormone Storage

The posterior pituitary gland, a part of the endocrine system, stores and releases hormones produced by the hypothalamus.

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Oxytocin: Contractions & Milk

Oxytocin, a hormone released by the posterior pituitary, stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth and milk production after delivery.

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ADH: Water Balance

Anti-diuretic hormone (ADH), also called vasopressin, is released by the posterior pituitary, regulating water balance in the body by controlling urine production.

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Oxytocin Production & Release

Oxytocin is produced in the hypothalamus and then released from the posterior pituitary gland.

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ADH: Urine Reduction

Anti-diuretic hormone (ADH) reduces urine production by increasing the reabsorption of water in the kidneys.

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Stress Hormones: Epinephrine & Norepinephrine

The adrenal glands release epinephrine and norepinephrine in response to stress, initiating the 'fight-or-flight' response.

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Fight-or-Flight Response: Body Action

Epinephrine and norepinephrine, released during stress, prepare the body for physical action by increasing heart rate, dilating blood vessels, and increasing blood glucose levels.

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Liver: Glycogen Breakdown

The liver breaks down glycogen into glucose during the 'fight-or-flight' response, providing energy for the body.

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Placenta: Gonadotropin Hormones

The placenta, an organ that develops during pregnancy, produces gonadotropin hormones, which aid in maintaining pregnancy and fetal development.

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Sex Hormones: Not Blood Sugar Regulation

Sex hormones (estrogen, testosterone, and progesterone) play important roles in sexual development, reproduction, and other bodily functions. However, they do not regulate blood sugar.

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Fight-or-Flight Response: Body Reactions

Epinephrine and norepinephrine, released during the 'fight-or-flight' response, cause the body to react to stress by increasing heart rate and dilating blood vessels.

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