Chapter 4 - The Physical Self
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Questions and Answers

Which defense mechanism involves diverting emotions from the original source to a substitute target?

  • Regression
  • Projection
  • Displacement (correct)
  • Repression

What is an example of problem-focused coping strategy?

  • Seeking social support (correct)
  • Meditating
  • Using humor to cope
  • Distracting oneself

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of irrational self-talk?

  • Exaggerating negative aspects
  • Focusing solely on positive outcomes (correct)
  • Blaming oneself unfairly
  • Dismissing personal achievements

Which appraisal-focused strategy helps in challenging negative perceptions?

<p>Rational thinking (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which defense mechanism involves keeping distressing thoughts and feelings buried?

<p>Repression (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What discovery is Gregor Mendel known for?

<p>The process of heredity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD) characterized by?

<p>Obsession with a perceived flaw in appearance (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is associated with limiting energy intake and being underweight?

<p>Anorexia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe traits that differ between sexes but are not part of the reproductive system?

<p>Secondary sex characteristics (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the attitudinal component of body image disturbance refer to?

<p>Emotional responses towards body size (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following stages is NOT included in Masters and Johnson's model of sexual response?

<p>Desire (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What common outcome is linked to body dissatisfaction among adolescents?

<p>Mental disorders such as depression (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which sexual orientation is characterized by attraction to both sexes?

<p>Bisexual (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does body shaming impact individuals?

<p>Reduces self-confidence (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process marks the transition of a young person reaching sexual maturity?

<p>Puberty (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the 'filtered self' concept imply?

<p>Preference for enhanced versions of oneself (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes sexually stimulating zones that lead to an expected automatic sensation when touched?

<p>Erogenous zones (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Fat embolism can cause which of the following issues?

<p>Difficulty breathing (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of romantic love, which stage follows attraction according to Fisher's model?

<p>Attachment (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of sexual violence as per WHO?

<p>Unwanted sexual comments or advances using coercion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the 'T' in the acronym LGBT represent?

<p>Transgender (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What best describes benign disinhibition?

<p>Focusing on personal development and emotional exploration (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does self-efficacy primarily refer to?

<p>The belief in one's own ability to succeed (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor does NOT influence self-confidence?

<p>Habitual failure (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key component of goal setting theory?

<p>Clarity about what the goal is (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best represents toxic disinhibition?

<p>Exhibiting harmful behaviors such as hate slurs (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect does self-regulated learning NOT encompass?

<p>Environmental factors of studying (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Emotional stress can influence a person's success in achieving a goal due to its impact on their:

<p>Motivation and discipline (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does mindset primarily determine?

<p>How one responds to situations (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the 'Dungan' in a person according to traditional belief?

<p>It is a companion that resides inside the body. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a way identified by Victor Frankl for discovering the meaning of life?

<p>Performing rituals and magic (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between witchcraft and sorcery as defined in the content?

<p>Sorcery involves rituals and magic that are not required in witchcraft. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'logotherapy' aim to achieve according to Victor Frankl?

<p>To find one's meaning in life. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the 1987 Philippine Constitution, who qualifies as a citizen?

<p>Individuals who fulfill naturalization requirements. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of religious rituals as described in the content?

<p>They include manipulation of religious symbols. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of human existence does the soul represent?

<p>The part that exists after death. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Article 2, Section 5 of the 1987 Philippine Constitution emphasize?

<p>The essentials for the enjoyment of democracy's blessings. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term describes stress that is perceived as threatening and promotes feelings of fear or anger?

<p>Distress (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which stage of the General Adaptation Syndrome is characterized by the body's response to stress with increased heart rate and the activation of stress hormones?

<p>Alarm (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the process of evaluating and interpreting a stimulus in relation to stress known as?

<p>Cognitive appraisal (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of stress is characterized as positive and motivating towards optimal performance or health?

<p>Eustress (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of stressor includes daily hassles and minor irritations in life?

<p>Background stressors (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the secondary appraisal stage, what does an individual evaluate?

<p>Available resources to cope with the stressor (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of a cataclysmic event?

<p>A natural disaster like a tornado (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which response to stress involves feelings like irritability and difficulty concentrating?

<p>Resistance response (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Heredity

The passing of traits from parents to offspring.

Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD)

A mental health condition where someone is overly preoccupied with perceived flaws in their appearance.

Anorexia

A serious eating disorder characterized by a very low body weight due to extreme food restriction.

Body Shaming

Criticizing someone or oneself based on physical appearance.

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Body Image Disturbance (BID)

A distorted perception of one's body size and shape, often leading to dissatisfaction.

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Perceptual Component of BID

How accurately you perceive your body size.

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Attitudinal Component of BID

How you think and feel about your body's size and shape.

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The Filtered Self

The idealized version of oneself presented online or in photos.

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Sexuality

The way individuals experience and express themselves as sexual beings. It encompasses various aspects like sex, gender identity, sexual orientation, intimacy, and pleasure.

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Sex

A person's biological classification as female or male, usually determined by external genitalia or other physical characteristics.

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Puberty

A period of hormonal and physical change that leads to sexual maturity, typically lasting 1 to 3 years.

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Secondary Sex Characteristics

Physical traits that differentiate between sexes but aren't directly related to the reproductive system (e.g., breasts in females, facial hair in males).

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Erogenous Zones

Areas on the body that are especially sensitive to touch and stimulation, leading to sexual arousal.

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Masters & Johnson's Model

A model describing the four stages of sexual response: Excitement, Plateau, Orgasm, and Resolution.

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Sexual Orientation

A person's enduring pattern of attraction to other genders, including same-sex, opposite-sex, or both.

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Types of Sexual Orientation

Different categories of sexual orientation include Homosexual (gay/lesbian), Bisexual, Heterosexual (straight), Pansexual/Omnisexual, and Asexual.

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Dungan

A spiritual companion that dwells within a living person, providing life, animation, and sensibilities.

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Rituals in Babaylan Beliefs

Practices that act as a means of communication and commitment between members of a group, often involving symbolic actions and gestures.

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Witchcraft vs. Sorcery

Witchcraft refers to an innate ability to do evil, while sorcery involves rituals and magic to achieve harmful outcomes.

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Logotherapy

A school of psychotherapy that emphasizes finding meaning in life as the primary motivation for living.

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Three Ways to Find Meaning in Life (Logotherapy)

  1. Creating a work or doing a deed.
  2. Experiencing something or encountering someone.
  3. Maintaining a positive attitude towards unavoidable suffering.
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Magic

A method of engaging with the supernatural to bring about specific outcomes.

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Religious Rituals

Patterned, recurring events within organized groups that involve manipulation of religious symbols like prayers, offerings, and sacred literature.

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Benign Disinhibition

Exploring new emotions and ideas without being overly self-critical or judgmental. It encourages personal growth and development.

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Toxic Disinhibition

Harmful or offensive behavior that lacks restraint, often including hurtful language, threats, or bullying.

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Metacognition

The ability to think about your own thinking process, including how you learn, solve problems, and make decisions.

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Self-Regulated Learning

Taking control of your learning process by managing your thoughts, emotions, behaviors, motivations, and learning strategies.

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Self-Efficacy

Your belief in your ability to successfully accomplish a task or goal.

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Goal Setting Theory

A framework for achieving goals by setting clear, challenging, and specific goals, committing to them, and regularly seeking feedback.

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Mindset

Your mental attitude towards a situation, which influences how you approach and respond to it.

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Reaction vs. Response

Reaction is an unconscious, automatic response based on beliefs and biases, while a response is a conscious and deliberate action based on awareness and information.

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What is stress?

Stress is the experience of a perceived threat to your mental, physical, or spiritual well-being. It involves physiological responses like increased heart rate and a feeling of being overwhelmed.

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What are the three types of stress?

There are three types: Eustress (positive, motivating), Distress (negative, overwhelming), and Neustress (neutral, unimportant).

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What is cognitive appraisal?

It's the process of interpreting a situation and deciding whether it's stressful or not. It involves two steps: primary appraisal (is it good, bad, or neutral?) and secondary appraisal (can I handle it?)

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What is a stressor?

A stressor is anything that triggers a stress response, real or imagined. It can be a big event (like a job loss) or a small annoyance (like traffic).

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What are the three main types of stressors?

There are three types: cataclysmic (sudden, large events), personal (major life changes), and background (daily hassles).

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What are the three types of stress responses?

Our bodies respond to stress emotionally (feelings), physiologically (body changes), and behaviorally (actions).

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What is the General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)?

The GAS is how our bodies respond to stress over time. It has three stages: alarm (fight or flight), resistance (coping), and exhaustion (burnout).

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What are some unhealthy coping strategies?

These are habits we use to deal with stress that can be harmful, like substance abuse, unhealthy eating, or withdrawal.

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Repression (Defense Mechanism)

Burying distressing thoughts and feelings in the unconscious mind, keeping them hidden from awareness.

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Projection (Defense Mechanism)

Attributing your own unacceptable thoughts, feelings, or motives to someone else.

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Displacement (Defense Mechanism)

Shifting negative emotions from their original source to a less threatening target.

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Regression (Defense Mechanism)

Reverting to childish or immature behaviors in response to stress.

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Rationalization (Defense Mechanism)

Creating false but plausible excuses to justify unacceptable behavior.

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Study Notes

Chapter 4 - The Physical Self

  • Gregor Mendel discovered how genes are passed from parents to offspring.
  • Heredity is the process of passing traits from parents to offspring.
  • Filipinos have an obsession with beauty, impacting men and women.
  • Examples include Xander Ford (formerly Marlou Arizala) who gained fame online but suffered from negative attention.
  • Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD) causes those with BDD to be overly focused on perceived flaws in their appearance.
  • Those with BDD frequently seek cosmetic surgeries.
  • Anorexia is a serious mental illness characterized by low weight due to limiting energy intake.
  • Body shaming is criticizing someone based on their physical appearance, leading to loss of confidence.
  • Body image disturbance (BID) is linked to eating disorders. It has two components:
    • Perceptual component: accurately perceiving body size.
    • Attitudinal component: how one feels about their body size and shape.
  • Body dissatisfaction is associated with mental health issues like depression and anxiety in adolescents.

Chapter 5 - The Sexual Self

  • Sexuality is how people experience and express themselves as sexual beings.
  • Sexuality encompasses sex, gender, identities, roles, sexual orientations, eroticism, pleasure, intimacy, and reproduction.
  • Sex refers to biological characteristics assigned at birth, primarily the external genitalia.
  • Puberty is a hormonal and physical phase that causes sexual maturity, usually beginning earlier for females than males.
  • Important aspects of Sexuality include:
    • Sexual orientation,
    • Gender identity, and
    • Gender roles.

Chapter 6 - Consumer Culture and the Material Self

  • Consumption involves using symbols and signs to express one's identity.
  • Material possessions represent a part of who we are and create a connection to communities.
  • Philip Kotler's Buying Decision Process outlines steps in purchasing something (needs arousal, information search, evaluation, purchase, feelings).
  • Max Weber suggests consumption is driven by God's will (divine intervention).
  • Karl Marx views consumerism as an escape from labor in capitalist societies.
  • Ferdinand de Saussure (language and meaning) views signs having meaning through their arbitrary associations.
  • Langue dictates language rules and conventions, while parole is linguistic expression.
  • Anchorage and relay are types of relationships between text and images.

Chapter 7 - The Spiritual Self

  • One's beliefs are foundational to one's actions, and religious practices express those beliefs.
  • Different religions have different beliefs about the human condition and the spiritual self.
    • Christians believe people are made in God's image,
    • Buddhists seek enlightenment (Nirvana),
    • Muslims submit to Allah, and
    • Many indigenous practices may involve animism.
  • St. Thomas Aquinas believed that the soul exists after physical death, moving to eternal life.

Chapter 8 - The Political Self: The Filipino Citizen

  • The 1987 Philippine Constitution defines Filipino citizenship.
  • Certain groups, such as those born before specific dates, have unique rules for citizenship.
  • The Constitution emphasizes the protection of life, liberty, property, and promotes the welfare of the people.
  • Citizenship is part of the political identity of a person.
  • The National Constitution forms the highest law of the nation.
  • Democracy is a system where the people have a say and can participate in local matters.
  • Nationalism emphasizes national loyalty and pride.

Chapter 9 - The Virtual You: The Self in Cyberspace

  • Abstraction is the non-physical properties of technology that we engage with, in comparison to the real life counterpart.
  • Real-life reality is happening outside of digital devices.
  • Simulation, Augmented Reality (AR), and Virtual Reality (VR) modify real life.
  • Virtual reality offers a disconnection from real life.
  • Hyperreality is separating the real from the untrue.
    • Multiphrenia is the idea that numerous self-presentations can cloud identity information.
    • Anonymity and pseudonymity are forms of hiding personal information.
    • The Online Disinhibition Effect describes online behavior showing decreased social restraint.

Chapter 10 - Managing and Caring for the Self: Setting Goals for Success

  • Self-efficacy is the belief in one's ability to achieve goals.
  • Four factors affect self-efficacy: mastery experience, vicarious experience, verbal persuasion, and emotional/somatic states.
  • Goal setting theory emphasizes clarity, difficulty, and commitment to achieving success.

Chapter 11 -Taking Charge of One's Health

  • Reactions are driven by beliefs, biases, and prejudices of the unconscious mind.
  • Responses are based on information from both the conscious and unconscious mind.
  • Stress is a physiological response when a threat is perceived.
    • Different Types of Stress Exist (eustress, neustress, and distress).
  • Three physiological responses to stress include the Alarm, Resistance, and Exhaustion stages.

Chapter 12 - Learning to Be a Better Student

  • Mindset is a mental attitude that affects how one will learn.
  • Success means accomplishing an aim or purpose.

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Understanding The Self Reviewer PDF

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Explore the themes of heredity, body image, and mental health in Chapter 4. This quiz focuses on key concepts such as Body Dysmorphic Disorder, body shaming, and the societal pressures surrounding physical appearance. Assess your understanding of how genetics and societal standards impact our perception of the physical self.

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