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Questions and Answers
Why was the number of metals listed in the reactivity series limited to only twelve by the end of the 17th century?
Why was the number of metals listed in the reactivity series limited to only twelve by the end of the 17th century?
- The concept of reactivity series was not yet established.
- Alchemists intentionally restricted the list to maintain secrecy.
- Only twelve metals were known and isolated at that time. (correct)
- The technology to identify more metals did not exist.
What is the most accurate definition of a mineral?
What is the most accurate definition of a mineral?
- Any naturally occurring solid, regardless of its structure or composition.
- A solid element or compound with a crystalline structure, formed naturally. (correct)
- An organic compound found in the Earth's crust.
- A synthetic material with properties similar to naturally occurring elements.
Which of the following pairs of minerals are key components in the production of long-lasting batteries for electric cars?
Which of the following pairs of minerals are key components in the production of long-lasting batteries for electric cars?
- Gold and silver
- Calcium and silicon
- Lithium and cobalt (correct)
- Iron and copper
What is the primary reason scientists construct a reactivity series of metals?
What is the primary reason scientists construct a reactivity series of metals?
In the reactivity series, a more reactive metal will exhibit which behavior when reacting with oxygen?
In the reactivity series, a more reactive metal will exhibit which behavior when reacting with oxygen?
During an experiment, metal X reacts slowly with oxygen, while metal Y reacts vigorously. What can be inferred about their position in the reactivity series?
During an experiment, metal X reacts slowly with oxygen, while metal Y reacts vigorously. What can be inferred about their position in the reactivity series?
Why is it essential to keep potassium manganate(VII) crystals separate from metal powders during reactivity experiments?
Why is it essential to keep potassium manganate(VII) crystals separate from metal powders during reactivity experiments?
In the reactivity series, what is the role of carbon in the extraction of metals from their oxides?
In the reactivity series, what is the role of carbon in the extraction of metals from their oxides?
If carbon can remove oxygen from metal oxide X but not from metal oxide Y, what can be concluded about the relative reactivity of X and Y?
If carbon can remove oxygen from metal oxide X but not from metal oxide Y, what can be concluded about the relative reactivity of X and Y?
What is the purpose of using anhydrous calcium chloride in the apparatus for determining the position of hydrogen in the reactivity series?
What is the purpose of using anhydrous calcium chloride in the apparatus for determining the position of hydrogen in the reactivity series?
Based on reactivity with metal oxides, if hydrogen reduces lead(II) oxide but does not reduce aluminum oxide, what can be inferred about the relative reactivity of these metals?
Based on reactivity with metal oxides, if hydrogen reduces lead(II) oxide but does not reduce aluminum oxide, what can be inferred about the relative reactivity of these metals?
What is the main purpose of the extraction of metals?
What is the main purpose of the extraction of metals?
For metals that are higher than carbon in the reactivity series, what method is typically used for their extraction?
For metals that are higher than carbon in the reactivity series, what method is typically used for their extraction?
During the extraction of iron in a blast furnace, what role does coke (carbon) play?
During the extraction of iron in a blast furnace, what role does coke (carbon) play?
In the blast furnace, why is it important for the molten slag to be less dense than the molten iron?
In the blast furnace, why is it important for the molten slag to be less dense than the molten iron?
What is one of the main reasons that lithium batteries are not allowed in luggage placed in aircrafts?
What is one of the main reasons that lithium batteries are not allowed in luggage placed in aircrafts?
Which of the following is a mining issue that frequently occurs in Malaysia?
Which of the following is a mining issue that frequently occurs in Malaysia?
How do poorly planned mining activities typically impact the sustainability of local communities?
How do poorly planned mining activities typically impact the sustainability of local communities?
Why are efforts to conserve mining areas important for sustainable development?
Why are efforts to conserve mining areas important for sustainable development?
If a mineral is classified as a 'natural compound,' what does this indicate about its composition?
If a mineral is classified as a 'natural compound,' what does this indicate about its composition?
Why is it important to analyze previously mined materials in an area?
Why is it important to analyze previously mined materials in an area?
If calcium carbonate undergoes a reaction that bubbles or fizzes in limewater, what gas is likely being produced?
If calcium carbonate undergoes a reaction that bubbles or fizzes in limewater, what gas is likely being produced?
What are the three elements that form to create Calcium Carbonate?
What are the three elements that form to create Calcium Carbonate?
What does the presence of a bright light during burning of Magnesium demonstrate?
What does the presence of a bright light during burning of Magnesium demonstrate?
Based on the reactivity of metals, what conclusion can we infer about the use of electricity in Aluminum extraction vs Iron?
Based on the reactivity of metals, what conclusion can we infer about the use of electricity in Aluminum extraction vs Iron?
What is the purpose of adding coke, limestone, and concentrated ore into the top of a Blast Furnace related to Iron ore?
What is the purpose of adding coke, limestone, and concentrated ore into the top of a Blast Furnace related to Iron ore?
According to the graphic shown, what are the general components of Minerals?
According to the graphic shown, what are the general components of Minerals?
How do you solve mining issues from a negative impact on life?
How do you solve mining issues from a negative impact on life?
When setting up the metal apparatus in a dry boiling tube, what is important to note for safety?
When setting up the metal apparatus in a dry boiling tube, what is important to note for safety?
Flashcards
What are minerals?
What are minerals?
Solid elements/compounds with definite crystalline structures and chemical compositions.
What is reactivity series of metals?
What is reactivity series of metals?
A list of metals arranged by their reactivity towards oxygen.
What is the Earth's crust?
What is the Earth's crust?
The outer layer of the Earth, composed of various minerals.
What is extraction of metals?
What is extraction of metals?
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What are mining issues?
What are mining issues?
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What is a blast furnace?
What is a blast furnace?
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What is slag?
What is slag?
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What is smelting?
What is smelting?
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What are natural compounds?
What are natural compounds?
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Study Notes
- Theme 2 explores elements in nature.
- Chapter 4 discusses the reactivity of metals.
Early History of Metals
- By the end of the 17th century, only 12 metals were known and listed in the reactivity series.
Minerals
- Minerals are solid elements or compounds with definite crystalline structures and chemical compositions.
- Minerals comprise rocks in Earth's crust.
- The study of minerals termed mineralogy, remains an active field of science due to the continuous discovery of new minerals and properties.
Minerals in Daily Life
- Gold was the first metal used by humans, discovered in its elemental form in a cave in Spain around 40,000 BC.
- Limestone sees use in construction for roads, buildings, and tabletops.
- Electric cars' production owes realization to the discovery of lithium and cobalt that make long-lasting batteries.
- Calcium silicate is a natural compound suitable as a human food additive.
- Calcium carbonate occurs in various forms, colors, and textures, including calcite, limestone, marble, chalk, coral reefs, and shells.
Types of Minerals
- Minerals exist as elements or compounds.
- Examples of element minerals include gold and silver.
- Compound minerals include bauxite, hematite, galena, cassiterite, pyrite and calcite
- Limestone is a natural compound
Natural Mineral Compounds
- Natural compounds combine several elements.
- Bauxite, or aluminium ore, has the systematic name aluminium oxide.
- The common and systematic names may have different usage contexts.
Experiment: Natural Compounds and Element Combinations
- Calcium carbonate powder reacts with clear limewater and dilute hydrochloric acid to show a natural compound combining elements.
- When testing the gas released during this reaction, safety precautions say to not point the boiling tube toward anyone.
Calcium Carbonate Reactions and Products
- Calcium carbonate reacts with hydrochloric acid or heats strongly, creating changes in limewater.
- Calcium carbonate, when heated or reacted with hydrochloric acid, releases gases that can be tested.
- Calcium carbonate combines three elements.
Metallic Reactivity
- Metals react differently with oxygen.
- More reactive metals react more vigorously with oxygen. For example, magnesium reacts to create bright flames.
- Less reactive metals react less vigorously with oxygen. For example, iron has a slow color change.
Reactivity Series of Metals
- The reactivity series arranges metals by how reactive they are to oxygen.
Experiment: Comparing Metal Reactivity
- Reactivity can be observed using magnesium, aluminium, zinc, iron, and lead reacting with oxygen.
- In experiments involving potassium manganate(VII) crystals and metal powders, various safety precautions need to be followed. This includes wearing safety glasses, and never looking directly at the flame.
Carbon and Hydrogen
- Where carbon and hydrogen sit in the metal reactivity series is determinable by reactivity.
Experiment: Carbon's Role in Metal Reactivity
- Heating zinc oxide, aluminium oxide, and lead(II) oxide with carbon determines carbon's position in the reactivity series.
Experiment: Hydrogen's Role in Metal Reactivity
- The location of hydrogen in the reactivity series involves interpreting data from specific apparatus setups and results from chemists’ activities.
- Metals more reactive than hydrogen include potassium, sodium, calcium, magnesium, aluminium, and carbon.
- Metals less reactive than hydrogen include tin, lead, copper, mercury, silver and gold.
- The reactivity series includes non-metals like carbon and hydrogen.
Extraction of Metals
- The extraction of metals comes from their ores, and depends on carbon and hydrogen.
Metal Extraction Methods
- Metals higher than carbon on the reactivity series necessitate extraction through electrolysis of molten compounds.
- Metals lower than carbon reduce metal oxides using carbon.
- Some metals get extracted by direct heating of metallic compounds, others exist as elements in the Earth's crust.
Iron Extraction
- Iron extraction occurs in a blast furnace.
- The iron extraction includes reactions at high temperatures
- Includes coke reacting with oxygen producing carbon dioxide
- Limestone decomposes to form calcium oxide and carbon dioxide
- Calcium oxide reacts with impurities like sand (silicon dioxide) to form slag or calcium silicate.
- Iron produced melts and flows to the furnace bottom, solidifying as cast iron, while molten slag floats atop the iron since it is less dense.
- Tapped-off molten slag is used to make bases for buildings and roads.
Mining Issues
- Mining activities can cause water pollution due to cleaning of ore, air pollution from burning fuels and gases from blast furnaces, soil erosion, sound pollution, and habitat destruction.
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