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Questions and Answers
What were the three main crops referred to as the 'three sisters'?
What were the three main crops referred to as the 'three sisters'?
Why were the three sisters planted together?
Why were the three sisters planted together?
What is the main function of the broad leaves of the squash plants in the three sisters planting technique?
What is the main function of the broad leaves of the squash plants in the three sisters planting technique?
What was the building style of the wigwams used by peoples around the Great Lakes?
What was the building style of the wigwams used by peoples around the Great Lakes?
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What was one of the main resources that the Eastern Woodlands provided for its inhabitants?
What was one of the main resources that the Eastern Woodlands provided for its inhabitants?
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Which of the following describes how corn and beans were planted in the northeastern soil?
Which of the following describes how corn and beans were planted in the northeastern soil?
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Which of the following language groups was NOT mentioned as part of the Northeastern nations?
Which of the following language groups was NOT mentioned as part of the Northeastern nations?
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Where did the peoples of the Northeastern nations typically live?
Where did the peoples of the Northeastern nations typically live?
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How did the rocky soil affect farming in some northeastern areas?
How did the rocky soil affect farming in some northeastern areas?
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What is a key benefit of gathering wild rice rather than farming it?
What is a key benefit of gathering wild rice rather than farming it?
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What type of food sources were abundant in the Northeastern region?
What type of food sources were abundant in the Northeastern region?
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Which group spoke Algonquian languages?
Which group spoke Algonquian languages?
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Which of the following best describes the society in which the Haudenosaunee lived?
Which of the following best describes the society in which the Haudenosaunee lived?
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What animal was commonly hunted in the Northeastern region for food and fur?
What animal was commonly hunted in the Northeastern region for food and fur?
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Which one of the following statements is true about the landscape of the Northeastern region?
Which one of the following statements is true about the landscape of the Northeastern region?
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Which of the following is a feature of life for the Northeast nations by 1500 CE?
Which of the following is a feature of life for the Northeast nations by 1500 CE?
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What is the primary structure of a wigwam?
What is the primary structure of a wigwam?
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How many families could typically live in a longhouse?
How many families could typically live in a longhouse?
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What controlled the structure of clans in the Northeast societies?
What controlled the structure of clans in the Northeast societies?
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What is a dodem in the Ojibwe nation?
What is a dodem in the Ojibwe nation?
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How did the smoke escape from the structure of longhouses?
How did the smoke escape from the structure of longhouses?
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What was the primary purpose of fire pits in longhouses?
What was the primary purpose of fire pits in longhouses?
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What was a significant trait of clans such as the Crane and Loon in the Ojibwe nation?
What was a significant trait of clans such as the Crane and Loon in the Ojibwe nation?
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Which of the following statements describes the living arrangement in a longhouse?
Which of the following statements describes the living arrangement in a longhouse?
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What was the primary reason the Ojibwe moved throughout the year?
What was the primary reason the Ojibwe moved throughout the year?
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What does the name Mahican mean?
What does the name Mahican mean?
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Who were the main figures in creating the Haudenosaunee Confederacy?
Who were the main figures in creating the Haudenosaunee Confederacy?
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What geographic location did the Mahican people initially settle near?
What geographic location did the Mahican people initially settle near?
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Which nations were part of the Haudenosaunee Confederacy?
Which nations were part of the Haudenosaunee Confederacy?
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What action did Hiawatha take due to witnessing conflict among the nations?
What action did Hiawatha take due to witnessing conflict among the nations?
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What natural features provided defense for Haudenosaunee villages?
What natural features provided defense for Haudenosaunee villages?
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Which two nations are specifically mentioned as enemies of the Mahican people?
Which two nations are specifically mentioned as enemies of the Mahican people?
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What is a gustoweh?
What is a gustoweh?
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How many feathers did Mohawk men traditionally wear on their gustowehs?
How many feathers did Mohawk men traditionally wear on their gustowehs?
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What were the most valuable trade items among the Eastern Woodlands nations prior to European contact?
What were the most valuable trade items among the Eastern Woodlands nations prior to European contact?
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What does the Tree of Great Peace symbolize according to the Haudenosaunee Great Law of Peace?
What does the Tree of Great Peace symbolize according to the Haudenosaunee Great Law of Peace?
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Which direction do the roots of the Tree of Great Peace spread according to Dekanawidah?
Which direction do the roots of the Tree of Great Peace spread according to Dekanawidah?
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What role does the Eagle at the top of the Tree of Long Leaves play?
What role does the Eagle at the top of the Tree of Long Leaves play?
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What requirement must other nations meet to take shelter beneath the Tree of the Long Leaves?
What requirement must other nations meet to take shelter beneath the Tree of the Long Leaves?
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What type of goods did groups trade for among the Eastern Woodlands nations?
What type of goods did groups trade for among the Eastern Woodlands nations?
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What was the main goal of the confederacy?
What was the main goal of the confederacy?
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What role did sachems play in the confederacy?
What role did sachems play in the confederacy?
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What influence did the Haudenosaunee Confederacy have on modern governance?
What influence did the Haudenosaunee Confederacy have on modern governance?
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What belief system did most peoples of the Northeast, including the Ojibwe, follow?
What belief system did most peoples of the Northeast, including the Ojibwe, follow?
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What is the Grand Medicine Society, or Midewiwin, among the Ojibwe?
What is the Grand Medicine Society, or Midewiwin, among the Ojibwe?
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What do the seven teachings or seven grandfathers represent for the Ojibwe?
What do the seven teachings or seven grandfathers represent for the Ojibwe?
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What principle is core to the beliefs of the Haudenosaunee Confederacy regarding future generations?
What principle is core to the beliefs of the Haudenosaunee Confederacy regarding future generations?
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How was the confederacy's form of government described?
How was the confederacy's form of government described?
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Study Notes
Chapter 3: Peoples of the Northeast
- The Eastern Woodlands region, also called the Eastern Woodlands, extends from the Great Lakes to the Atlantic coast.
- The region offered abundant resources: wood, food, and water, which supported a thriving culture.
- By 1500 CE, many different Native peoples inhabited the region.
- These peoples were grouped by language: Algonquian, Iroquoian, and Siouan.
- The Ojibwe, located in the western part of the region, spoke Algonquian languages.
- The landscape was primarily forested, providing wood for building, fuel, and food sources like berries, nuts, and roots.
- Animals like deer and bears were hunted for food and fur.
- Lakes and rivers supplied a reliable source of fish.
The Three Sisters
- The Haudenosaunee people called corn, beans, and squash "the three sisters."
- These crops were planted in a specific way, with corn planted in mounds, beans planted beside the corn stalks, and squash in the spaces between the mounds.
- The three sisters provided balanced nutrition.
- Squash leaves provided shade and helped control weeds.
Homes, Family, and Society
- Northeastern peoples lived in villages.
- Houses were constructed from forest materials.
- Different groups, such as the Ojibwe and Ho-Chunk, constructed different types of homes:
- Wigwams (also called wickiups), a dome-shaped structure built from poles tied together at the top.
- Longhouses, long rectangular structures with fire pits inside, built mainly by groups like the Mohawk and Cayuga.
- These houses were often occupied by multiple generations.
Government and Politics
- One legend tells of Hiawatha, an Onondaga man, who sought peace among the Northeast nations and led to the creation of a confederacy.
- The Haudenosaunee Confederacy united the Mohawk, Onondaga, Seneca, Oneida, and Cayuga.
- This confederacy still exists today, and its system of government is sometimes compared to the structure of the United States Constitution.
Religious and Spiritual Beliefs
- Northeastern peoples practiced animism, believing that every living thing, object, and place had a spirit.
- The Ojibwe had a religious society, the Grand Medicine Society (Midewiwin) with hierarchies of priests who performed rituals and served as healers, spiritual guides.
Art, Clothing, and Trade
- Art was an important part of daily life in the Northeast.
- Wampum, beads made from clamshells, were highly valued and used in belts and strings to represent various meanings, such as peace or status.
- Clothing included animal skins and decorated items like moccasins and the gustoweh (a hat with feathers).
- Prior to European arrival, trade was simple, with resources distributed amongst groups.
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Description
Explore the rich cultures of the Peoples of the Northeast, including the Eastern Woodlands indigenous communities. Learn about their language groups, resources, and agricultural practices, such as the cultivation of 'the three sisters.' Discover how these elements shaped their way of life before 1500 CE.
