Chapter 26: The Urinary System

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Questions and Answers

What is the term for the scientific study of the anatomy, physiology, and pathology of the kidneys?

Urology

Nephrology (correct)

Renalology

Urography

What is the term for the branch of medicine that deals with the male and female urinary systems and the male reproductive system?

Nephrology

Urography

Urology (correct)

Renalology

What is the role of the kidneys in the urinary system?

To filter waste and excess fluids from the blood (correct)

To store urine

To regulate body temperature

To pass urine out of the body

What is the fluid called that is formed by the kidneys and passes through the ureters?

Urine Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the tube that carries urine out of the body?

Urethra Signup and view all the answers

What is the storage area for urine in the urinary system?

Urinary bladder Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a physician who specializes in the urinary system and the male reproductive system?

Urologist Signup and view all the answers

How many kidneys are in the urinary system?

Two Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the ureters in the urinary system?

To transport urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the urinary bladder in the urinary system?

To store urine and expel it into the urethra Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the kidneys in regulating blood volume and composition?

To regulate blood volume, pH, and glucose levels Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the urethra in the urinary system?

To discharge urine from the body Signup and view all the answers

Which two hormones are produced by the kidneys?

Erythropoietin and calcitriol Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a function of the kidneys?

Storing urine Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the muscular tubes that transport urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder?

Ureters Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the tube that discharges urine from the body?

Urethra Signup and view all the answers

Which organs make up the urinary system?

Kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the kidneys in the urinary system?

To filter blood and excrete wastes in urine Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the nephrons in the kidneys?

To maintain homeostasis of the blood's volume and composition Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of the glomerular filtrate is typically reabsorbed into the bloodstream?

More than 99% Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the fluid that enters the capsular space?

Glomerular filtrate Signup and view all the answers

What is the average daily volume of glomerular filtrate in adult males?

180 liters Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the fraction of blood plasma that becomes glomerular filtrate?

Filtration fraction Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the drug penicillin when cells of the renal tubules secrete it?

It is removed from the bloodstream Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the process by which substances are removed from the glomerular filtrate and returned to the bloodstream?

Tubular reabsorption Signup and view all the answers

What is the average daily volume of urine excreted by adults?

1-2 liters Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of increased delivery of Na+ and Cl− to the macula densa?

Constriction of afferent arterioles Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of decreased blood volume or blood pressure?

Increase in activity level of renal sympathetic nerves Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of angiotensin II on arterioles?

Constriction of afferent and efferent arterioles Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of stretching of atria of the heart?

Increase in secretion of atrial natriuretic peptide Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of atrial natriuretic peptide on glomerular filtration?

Increase in capillary surface area available for filtration Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of tubular reabsorption and secretion?

To maintain homeostatic balances of water and selected ions Signup and view all the answers

What happens to most small proteins and peptides that pass through the filter?

They are reabsorbed via pinocytosis Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of high systemic blood pressure on the delivery of Na+ and Cl− to the macula densa?

Decreased delivery of Na+ and Cl− to the macula densa Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the podocytes in the nephron?

To wrap around the glomerular capillaries and form the inner wall of the capsule Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of the epithelial cells in the thin ascending limb of the nephron loop?

They are thinner and more sparse than in other areas of the renal tubule Signup and view all the answers

What is the structure that forms the outer wall of the glomerular capsule?

Bowman's capsule Signup and view all the answers

In which part of the nephron does the ascending limb of the nephron loop consist of two portions?

Juxtamedullary nephrons Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the efferent arterioles in the nephron?

Not mentioned in the text Signup and view all the answers

What is the structure that connects the proximal convoluted tubule to the distal convoluted tubule?

Nephron loop Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the footlike projections of the podocytes?

Pedicels Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the region where the renal corpuscle is located?

Renal cortex Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Overview of the Urinary System

The urinary system consists of two kidneys, two ureters, one urinary bladder, and one urethra.
The kidneys filter blood, regulate blood volume and composition, and excrete wastes in urine.
The urinary system produces two hormones: calcitriol and erythropoietin.
Nephrology is the scientific study of the anatomy, physiology, and pathology of the kidneys.
Urology is the branch of medicine that deals with the male and female urinary systems and the male reproductive system.

Components of the Urinary System

The kidneys filter blood and excrete wastes in urine.
The ureters transport urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder.
The urinary bladder stores urine and expels it into the urethra.
The urethra discharges urine from the body.

Functions of the Kidneys

Regulate blood volume and composition.
Help regulate blood pressure, pH, and glucose levels.
Produce two hormones: calcitriol and erythropoietin.
Excrete wastes in urine.

Nephrons

The functional units of the kidneys.
Consist of a renal corpuscle, proximal convoluted tubule, nephron loop, and distal convoluted tubule.
The renal corpuscle consists of a glomerular capsule and glomerulus.
The glomerular capsule is lined with podocytes.
The nephron loop consists of a descending limb and an ascending limb.

Tubular Reabsorption and Secretion

Nephrons help maintain homeostasis of the blood's volume and composition.
Filtration, reabsorption, and secretion occur in the nephrons.
The rate of excretion of any solute is equal to its rate of glomerular filtration, plus its rate of secretion, minus its rate of reabsorption.
Tubular reabsorption returns substances to the bloodstream.
Tubular secretion removes substances from the bloodstream.

Regulation of Urine Formation

Filtration fraction is the percentage of blood plasma that becomes glomerular filtrate.
Filtration fraction varies in health and disease.
Daily volume of glomerular filtrate in adults is approximately 150 liters in females and 180 liters in males.
More than 99% of glomerular filtrate returns to the bloodstream via tubular reabsorption.
Only 1-2 liters is excreted as urine.

Regulation of Blood Pressure

Tubuloglomerular feedback regulates blood pressure.
Neural regulation involves the release of norepinephrine by renal sympathetic nerves.
Hormone regulation involves the release of angiotensin II and atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP).
ANP stimulates the relaxation of mesangial cells in the glomerulus, increasing capillary surface area available for filtration.

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Description

This quiz covers the basics of the urinary system, including the formation and excretion of urine, and the roles of the ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra.