Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the normal pacemaker of the heart?
What is the normal pacemaker of the heart?
Sinoatrial node
The pulmonary veins carry blood to the _____?
The pulmonary veins carry blood to the _____?
Heart
What does the pulmonary semilunar valve prevent?
What does the pulmonary semilunar valve prevent?
Backflow into the right ventricle
What is the region called that is occupied by the heart and great vessels?
What is the region called that is occupied by the heart and great vessels?
The _____ valve prevents backward flow of blood into the left ventricle.
The _____ valve prevents backward flow of blood into the left ventricle.
The right pulmonary veins carry _____ blood to the _____?
The right pulmonary veins carry _____ blood to the _____?
What phase of the cardiac cycle is masked by the QRS complex on an ECG?
What phase of the cardiac cycle is masked by the QRS complex on an ECG?
What does the P wave of the electrocardiogram signal?
What does the P wave of the electrocardiogram signal?
What is the superior portion of the heart called?
What is the superior portion of the heart called?
What is the inferior point of the heart called?
What is the inferior point of the heart called?
What does the right atrium receive blood from?
What does the right atrium receive blood from?
The _____ circuit carries blood from the aorta to the right ventricle.
The _____ circuit carries blood from the aorta to the right ventricle.
What is the auricle of the heart?
What is the auricle of the heart?
The circumflex branch and anterior interventricular artery are branches of the?
The circumflex branch and anterior interventricular artery are branches of the?
What do the pulmonary veins carry to the left atrium?
What do the pulmonary veins carry to the left atrium?
The right ventricle pumps blood to the?
The right ventricle pumps blood to the?
What does the term cardiac tamponade refer to?
What does the term cardiac tamponade refer to?
What is a slower-than-normal heart rate called?
What is a slower-than-normal heart rate called?
Most of the middle layer in the heart wall is composed of?
Most of the middle layer in the heart wall is composed of?
As blood leaves the right ventricle, it passes through the _____ and then into the pulmonary trunk.
As blood leaves the right ventricle, it passes through the _____ and then into the pulmonary trunk.
What is the correct order for the flow of blood entering from the systemic circulation?
What is the correct order for the flow of blood entering from the systemic circulation?
The term _____ refers to blockage in the coronary circulation.
The term _____ refers to blockage in the coronary circulation.
The first heart sound ('lubb') is associated with?
The first heart sound ('lubb') is associated with?
What is a faster-than-normal heart rate called?
What is a faster-than-normal heart rate called?
Oxygen is added to blood as it flows through the _____ circuit.
Oxygen is added to blood as it flows through the _____ circuit.
What structure permits blood flow from the right atrium to the left atrium in fetal circulation?
What structure permits blood flow from the right atrium to the left atrium in fetal circulation?
Blood is supplied to the myocardium by?
Blood is supplied to the myocardium by?
During ventricular systole, the blood pressure _____ and ventricular volume _____?
During ventricular systole, the blood pressure _____ and ventricular volume _____?
The _____ carry blood away from the heart.
The _____ carry blood away from the heart.
The _____ carry blood toward the heart.
The _____ carry blood toward the heart.
What is the procedure called which creates a detour around an obstruction in a coronary artery?
What is the procedure called which creates a detour around an obstruction in a coronary artery?
The _____ deliver(s) blood to the myocardium.
The _____ deliver(s) blood to the myocardium.
What is the contraction phase of the cardiac cycle called?
What is the contraction phase of the cardiac cycle called?
The adult heart is roughly the size of?
The adult heart is roughly the size of?
How does blood leave the right ventricle?
How does blood leave the right ventricle?
When the semilunar valve closes, what happens to the AV valves?
When the semilunar valve closes, what happens to the AV valves?
What do contraction of the papillary muscles prevent?
What do contraction of the papillary muscles prevent?
The papillary muscles function to __________.
The papillary muscles function to __________.
The wall of the left ventricle is thicker than that of the right; the left ventricle pumps more blood than the right.
The wall of the left ventricle is thicker than that of the right; the left ventricle pumps more blood than the right.
What is the order of excitation moving through the conducting system of the heart?
What is the order of excitation moving through the conducting system of the heart?
An equivalent term for epicardium is?
An equivalent term for epicardium is?
Where is the foramen ovale located in the fetal heart?
Where is the foramen ovale located in the fetal heart?
The first blood vessels to branch from the aorta are the _____ arteries.
The first blood vessels to branch from the aorta are the _____ arteries.
How many pulmonary veins are there?
How many pulmonary veins are there?
The visceral pericardium is the same as the?
The visceral pericardium is the same as the?
What does depolarization of the ventricles represent on an electrocardiogram?
What does depolarization of the ventricles represent on an electrocardiogram?
What circuit carries blood to and from the lungs?
What circuit carries blood to and from the lungs?
What is the relaxation phase of the cardiac cycle called?
What is the relaxation phase of the cardiac cycle called?
If the connection between the SA node and AV node becomes blocked, what will happen?
If the connection between the SA node and AV node becomes blocked, what will happen?
Which of the following are involved in the pulmonary circuit?
Which of the following are involved in the pulmonary circuit?
Excess fluid in the _____ causes cardiac tamponade.
Excess fluid in the _____ causes cardiac tamponade.
The atrioventricular valves permit blood flow?
The atrioventricular valves permit blood flow?
The heart is innervated by _____ nerves.
The heart is innervated by _____ nerves.
During the T wave of the electrocardiogram, the ventricles are?
During the T wave of the electrocardiogram, the ventricles are?
The left ventricle pumps blood to the?
The left ventricle pumps blood to the?
Where is the bicuspid or mitral valve located?
Where is the bicuspid or mitral valve located?
What is the property of heart muscle to contract in the absence of neural or hormonal stimulation called?
What is the property of heart muscle to contract in the absence of neural or hormonal stimulation called?
What corresponds to the depolarization of the atria on the EKG?
What corresponds to the depolarization of the atria on the EKG?
What is the symptom generally brought on by coronary ischemia?
What is the symptom generally brought on by coronary ischemia?
Blood flowing into the heart from the venae cavae flows next through the _____ valve.
Blood flowing into the heart from the venae cavae flows next through the _____ valve.
Match the following heart rates and descriptions:
Match the following heart rates and descriptions:
The heart lies within the ___________ cavity.
The heart lies within the ___________ cavity.
The phase in the cardiac cycle when the mitral valve is closed and the aortic valve is open is called?
The phase in the cardiac cycle when the mitral valve is closed and the aortic valve is open is called?
What do pacemaker cells in the SA node do?
What do pacemaker cells in the SA node do?
What is the procedure called in which an inflatable balloon is used to press plaque back against the vessel wall?
What is the procedure called in which an inflatable balloon is used to press plaque back against the vessel wall?
Where do the great and middle cardiac veins drain blood?
Where do the great and middle cardiac veins drain blood?
Blood returning to the heart from the pulmonary circuit first enters the?
Blood returning to the heart from the pulmonary circuit first enters the?
What is the remnant of a fetal blood vessel that once linked pulmonary and systemic circuits called?
What is the remnant of a fetal blood vessel that once linked pulmonary and systemic circuits called?
What appears as the rapid depolarization phase in the ventricular action potential on an electrocardiogram?
What appears as the rapid depolarization phase in the ventricular action potential on an electrocardiogram?
What does the T wave on an ECG represent?
What does the T wave on an ECG represent?
What are abnormal heart sounds caused by turbulent flow through faulty valves called?
What are abnormal heart sounds caused by turbulent flow through faulty valves called?
Heart rate is controlled through?
Heart rate is controlled through?
What are muscular ridges on the inner surface of the ventricles called?
What are muscular ridges on the inner surface of the ventricles called?
What covers the outer surface of the heart?
What covers the outer surface of the heart?
Where do the pulmonary arteries carry blood to?
Where do the pulmonary arteries carry blood to?
What is the muscle layer of the heart called?
What is the muscle layer of the heart called?
What does blood flowing in the vena cava enter next?
What does blood flowing in the vena cava enter next?
Blood returning to the heart from the systemic circuit first enters the?
Blood returning to the heart from the systemic circuit first enters the?
What is the earlike extension of the atrium called?
What is the earlike extension of the atrium called?
The epicardium is also known as the?
The epicardium is also known as the?
What receives blood from the superior vena cava and the inferior vena cava?
What receives blood from the superior vena cava and the inferior vena cava?
What might cause a heart murmur?
What might cause a heart murmur?
What prevents backward flow into the left atrium?
What prevents backward flow into the left atrium?
Intercalated discs serve to transfer _____ from cell to cell.
Intercalated discs serve to transfer _____ from cell to cell.
Why does isovolumetric ventricular contraction occur during ventricular systole?
Why does isovolumetric ventricular contraction occur during ventricular systole?
When is the first heart sound heard?
When is the first heart sound heard?
Artery is to _____ as vein is to _____.
Artery is to _____ as vein is to _____.
The P wave of the electrocardiogram is closely followed by?
The P wave of the electrocardiogram is closely followed by?
Study Notes
The Heart Anatomy and Function
- The sinoatrial node serves as the heart's primary pacemaker.
- The mediastinum is the central compartment in the thoracic cavity housing the heart and major vessels.
- The heart base is the superior portion where blood vessels connect, while the apex is the heart’s inferior point.
- The right atrium collects blood from the superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, systemic circuit, and coronary sinus.
Blood Flow Pathway
- Blood flows from the systemic circulation through the vena cavae into the right atrium, then to the right ventricle, pulmonary trunk, pulmonary veins, left atrium, left ventricle, and aorta.
- The right ventricle pumps blood to the lungs via the pulmonary arteries, where oxygenation occurs.
Valves and Blood Regulation
- Atrioventricular (AV) valves (tricuspid and bicuspid) ensure one-way blood flow into the ventricles.
- The aortic valve prevents backflow into the left ventricle, while the pulmonary semilunar valve prevents backflow into the right ventricle.
- Cardiac tamponade describes fluid accumulation in the pericardial cavity, which compresses the heart.
Electrical Activity and Cardiac Cycle
- The P wave on an ECG indicates atrial depolarization, while the QRS complex represents ventricular depolarization, masking atrial repolarization.
- The cardiac cycle consists of systole (contraction) and diastole (relaxation), with systolic ejection occurring when the aortic valve opens.
Cardiac Muscle and Nerve Control
- Cardiac muscles demonstrate automaticity, contracting without external neural or hormonal stimuli.
- The heart's innervation involves both sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems for rate and rhythm control.
- Ventricular systole leads to increased blood pressure and decreased volume, while diastole allows for filling.
Developmental and Anatomical Features
- In fetuses, the foramen ovale enables blood flow between the right and left atria, closing after birth.
- The coronary arteries supply the heart tissue with blood, branching from the aorta at its origins.
Heart Conditions and Responses
- Bradycardia indicates a slower heart rate, while tachycardia signifies an increased rate.
- Angina pectoris is chest pain due to coronary ischemia, often linked to coronary artery disease.
- Heart murmurs result from turbulent blood flow through defective valves.
Additional Cardiac Structures
- Papillary muscles anchor the AV valves to prevent regurgitation into the atria during ventricular contraction.
- Trabecular carneae are muscular ridges located inside the ventricles, enhancing contraction efficiency.
Clinical and Procedural Aspects
- Coronary artery bypass grafting creates an alternative route for blood flow around obstructed arteries.
- Balloon angioplasty uses a catheter to compress plaque against arterial walls, enhancing blood flow.
- Variations in fluid volume across the pericardial cavity can be critical in assessing cardiac function and pathology.
Terminology and Concepts
- The myocardium is the muscular layer of the heart, crucial for contraction.
- The visceral pericardium is synonymous with the epicardium, forming a protective layer over the heart.
- Actions like depolarization and repolarization are fundamental to the heart's electrical system, reflected in ECG readings.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Description
Test your knowledge of the heart with these flashcards based on Chapter 20. Learn about key concepts such as the sinoatrial node and the role of the pulmonary veins. Perfect for students studying cardiovascular anatomy.
