Chapter 20 The Heart Flashcards
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Questions and Answers

What is the normal pacemaker of the heart?

Sinoatrial node

The pulmonary veins carry blood to the _____?

Heart

What does the pulmonary semilunar valve prevent?

Backflow into the right ventricle

What is the region called that is occupied by the heart and great vessels?

<p>Mediastinum</p> Signup and view all the answers

The _____ valve prevents backward flow of blood into the left ventricle.

<p>Aortic</p> Signup and view all the answers

The right pulmonary veins carry _____ blood to the _____?

<p>Oxygenated; left atrium</p> Signup and view all the answers

What phase of the cardiac cycle is masked by the QRS complex on an ECG?

<p>Atrial repolarization</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the P wave of the electrocardiogram signal?

<p>Depolarization of the atria</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the superior portion of the heart called?

<p>Base</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the inferior point of the heart called?

<p>Apex</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the right atrium receive blood from?

<p>Inferior vena cava, systemic circuit, superior vena cava and coronary sinus</p> Signup and view all the answers

The _____ circuit carries blood from the aorta to the right ventricle.

<p>Systemic</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the auricle of the heart?

<p>Ear-like extension of the atrium</p> Signup and view all the answers

The circumflex branch and anterior interventricular artery are branches of the?

<p>Left coronary artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do the pulmonary veins carry to the left atrium?

<p>Oxygenated blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

The right ventricle pumps blood to the?

<p>Right and left lungs</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term cardiac tamponade refer to?

<p>Fluid collecting in the pericardial cavity</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a slower-than-normal heart rate called?

<p>Bradycardia</p> Signup and view all the answers

Most of the middle layer in the heart wall is composed of?

<p>Cardiac muscle cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

As blood leaves the right ventricle, it passes through the _____ and then into the pulmonary trunk.

<p>Conus arteriosus</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct order for the flow of blood entering from the systemic circulation?

<p>Venae cavae, right atrium, right ventricle, pulmonary trunk, pulmonary veins, left atrium, left ventricle, aorta</p> Signup and view all the answers

The term _____ refers to blockage in the coronary circulation.

<p>Coronary artery disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

The first heart sound ('lubb') is associated with?

<p>Closing of the atrioventricular valves</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a faster-than-normal heart rate called?

<p>Tachycardia</p> Signup and view all the answers

Oxygen is added to blood as it flows through the _____ circuit.

<p>Pulmonary</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structure permits blood flow from the right atrium to the left atrium in fetal circulation?

<p>Foramen ovale</p> Signup and view all the answers

Blood is supplied to the myocardium by?

<p>Coronary arteries</p> Signup and view all the answers

During ventricular systole, the blood pressure _____ and ventricular volume _____?

<p>Increases; decreases</p> Signup and view all the answers

The _____ carry blood away from the heart.

<p>Arteries</p> Signup and view all the answers

The _____ carry blood toward the heart.

<p>Veins</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the procedure called which creates a detour around an obstruction in a coronary artery?

<p>Coronary arterial bypass graft</p> Signup and view all the answers

The _____ deliver(s) blood to the myocardium.

<p>Coronary arteries</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the contraction phase of the cardiac cycle called?

<p>Systole</p> Signup and view all the answers

The adult heart is roughly the size of?

<p>A man's clenched fist</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does blood leave the right ventricle?

<p>By passing through the pulmonary valve</p> Signup and view all the answers

When the semilunar valve closes, what happens to the AV valves?

<p>They open</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do contraction of the papillary muscles prevent?

<p>Atrioventricular valves from reversing into the atria</p> Signup and view all the answers

The papillary muscles function to __________.

<p>Prevent the AV valves from reversing into the atria</p> Signup and view all the answers

The wall of the left ventricle is thicker than that of the right; the left ventricle pumps more blood than the right.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the order of excitation moving through the conducting system of the heart?

<p>SA node, AV node, AV bundle, bundle branches, Purkinje fibers</p> Signup and view all the answers

An equivalent term for epicardium is?

<p>Visceral pericardium</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is the foramen ovale located in the fetal heart?

<p>Interatrial septum</p> Signup and view all the answers

The first blood vessels to branch from the aorta are the _____ arteries.

<p>Coronary</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many pulmonary veins are there?

<p>4</p> Signup and view all the answers

The visceral pericardium is the same as the?

<p>Epicardium</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does depolarization of the ventricles represent on an electrocardiogram?

<p>QRS complex</p> Signup and view all the answers

What circuit carries blood to and from the lungs?

<p>Pulmonary</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relaxation phase of the cardiac cycle called?

<p>Diastole</p> Signup and view all the answers

If the connection between the SA node and AV node becomes blocked, what will happen?

<p>The ventricles will beat more slowly</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are involved in the pulmonary circuit?

<p>Right ventricle, pulmonary trunk, left atrium</p> Signup and view all the answers

Excess fluid in the _____ causes cardiac tamponade.

<p>Pericardial cavity</p> Signup and view all the answers

The atrioventricular valves permit blood flow?

<p>In one direction only</p> Signup and view all the answers

The heart is innervated by _____ nerves.

<p>Both parasympathetic and sympathetic</p> Signup and view all the answers

During the T wave of the electrocardiogram, the ventricles are?

<p>Both repolarizing and relaxing</p> Signup and view all the answers

The left ventricle pumps blood to the?

<p>Aorta</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is the bicuspid or mitral valve located?

<p>Between the left atrium and left ventricle</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the property of heart muscle to contract in the absence of neural or hormonal stimulation called?

<p>Automaticity</p> Signup and view all the answers

What corresponds to the depolarization of the atria on the EKG?

<p>P wave</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the symptom generally brought on by coronary ischemia?

<p>Angina pectoris</p> Signup and view all the answers

Blood flowing into the heart from the venae cavae flows next through the _____ valve.

<p>Tricuspid</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following heart rates and descriptions:

<p>Bradycardia = Slow heart rate Tachycardia = Fast heart rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

The heart lies within the ___________ cavity.

<p>Pericardial</p> Signup and view all the answers

The phase in the cardiac cycle when the mitral valve is closed and the aortic valve is open is called?

<p>Systolic ejection phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do pacemaker cells in the SA node do?

<p>Can spontaneously depolarize</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the procedure called in which an inflatable balloon is used to press plaque back against the vessel wall?

<p>Balloon angioplasty</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where do the great and middle cardiac veins drain blood?

<p>Coronary sinus</p> Signup and view all the answers

Blood returning to the heart from the pulmonary circuit first enters the?

<p>Left atrium</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the remnant of a fetal blood vessel that once linked pulmonary and systemic circuits called?

<p>Ligamentum arteriosum</p> Signup and view all the answers

What appears as the rapid depolarization phase in the ventricular action potential on an electrocardiogram?

<p>QRS complex</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the T wave on an ECG represent?

<p>Ventricular repolarization</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are abnormal heart sounds caused by turbulent flow through faulty valves called?

<p>Murmurs</p> Signup and view all the answers

Heart rate is controlled through?

<p>The cardiac plexus, parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions of the ANS, and dual innervation</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are muscular ridges on the inner surface of the ventricles called?

<p>Trabecular carneae</p> Signup and view all the answers

What covers the outer surface of the heart?

<p>Epicardium</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where do the pulmonary arteries carry blood to?

<p>Lungs</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the muscle layer of the heart called?

<p>Myocardium</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does blood flowing in the vena cava enter next?

<p>Right atrium</p> Signup and view all the answers

Blood returning to the heart from the systemic circuit first enters the?

<p>Right atrium</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the earlike extension of the atrium called?

<p>Auricle</p> Signup and view all the answers

The epicardium is also known as the?

<p>Visceral pericardium</p> Signup and view all the answers

What receives blood from the superior vena cava and the inferior vena cava?

<p>Right atrium</p> Signup and view all the answers

What might cause a heart murmur?

<p>Swirling of blood in the ventricle, pulmonic valve insufficiency, aortic valve insufficiency and mitral valve insufficiency</p> Signup and view all the answers

What prevents backward flow into the left atrium?

<p>Bicuspid valve</p> Signup and view all the answers

Intercalated discs serve to transfer _____ from cell to cell.

<p>The force of contraction, electrical signals, action potentials, and ionic currents</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why does isovolumetric ventricular contraction occur during ventricular systole?

<p>Aortic pressure is higher than ventricular pressure and the ventricle must pressurize the blood to open the aortic valve.</p> Signup and view all the answers

When is the first heart sound heard?

<p>When the AV valves close</p> Signup and view all the answers

Artery is to _____ as vein is to _____.

<p>Efferent; afferent</p> Signup and view all the answers

The P wave of the electrocardiogram is closely followed by?

<p>Contraction of both atria</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

The Heart Anatomy and Function

  • The sinoatrial node serves as the heart's primary pacemaker.
  • The mediastinum is the central compartment in the thoracic cavity housing the heart and major vessels.
  • The heart base is the superior portion where blood vessels connect, while the apex is the heart’s inferior point.
  • The right atrium collects blood from the superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, systemic circuit, and coronary sinus.

Blood Flow Pathway

  • Blood flows from the systemic circulation through the vena cavae into the right atrium, then to the right ventricle, pulmonary trunk, pulmonary veins, left atrium, left ventricle, and aorta.
  • The right ventricle pumps blood to the lungs via the pulmonary arteries, where oxygenation occurs.

Valves and Blood Regulation

  • Atrioventricular (AV) valves (tricuspid and bicuspid) ensure one-way blood flow into the ventricles.
  • The aortic valve prevents backflow into the left ventricle, while the pulmonary semilunar valve prevents backflow into the right ventricle.
  • Cardiac tamponade describes fluid accumulation in the pericardial cavity, which compresses the heart.

Electrical Activity and Cardiac Cycle

  • The P wave on an ECG indicates atrial depolarization, while the QRS complex represents ventricular depolarization, masking atrial repolarization.
  • The cardiac cycle consists of systole (contraction) and diastole (relaxation), with systolic ejection occurring when the aortic valve opens.

Cardiac Muscle and Nerve Control

  • Cardiac muscles demonstrate automaticity, contracting without external neural or hormonal stimuli.
  • The heart's innervation involves both sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems for rate and rhythm control.
  • Ventricular systole leads to increased blood pressure and decreased volume, while diastole allows for filling.

Developmental and Anatomical Features

  • In fetuses, the foramen ovale enables blood flow between the right and left atria, closing after birth.
  • The coronary arteries supply the heart tissue with blood, branching from the aorta at its origins.

Heart Conditions and Responses

  • Bradycardia indicates a slower heart rate, while tachycardia signifies an increased rate.
  • Angina pectoris is chest pain due to coronary ischemia, often linked to coronary artery disease.
  • Heart murmurs result from turbulent blood flow through defective valves.

Additional Cardiac Structures

  • Papillary muscles anchor the AV valves to prevent regurgitation into the atria during ventricular contraction.
  • Trabecular carneae are muscular ridges located inside the ventricles, enhancing contraction efficiency.

Clinical and Procedural Aspects

  • Coronary artery bypass grafting creates an alternative route for blood flow around obstructed arteries.
  • Balloon angioplasty uses a catheter to compress plaque against arterial walls, enhancing blood flow.
  • Variations in fluid volume across the pericardial cavity can be critical in assessing cardiac function and pathology.

Terminology and Concepts

  • The myocardium is the muscular layer of the heart, crucial for contraction.
  • The visceral pericardium is synonymous with the epicardium, forming a protective layer over the heart.
  • Actions like depolarization and repolarization are fundamental to the heart's electrical system, reflected in ECG readings.

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Test your knowledge of the heart with these flashcards based on Chapter 20. Learn about key concepts such as the sinoatrial node and the role of the pulmonary veins. Perfect for students studying cardiovascular anatomy.

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