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Questions and Answers
Questions and Answers
What are the five basic parts of a processor as illustrated in the von Neumann machine?
What are the five basic parts of a processor as illustrated in the von Neumann machine?
- ALU, Stack, Heap, ROM, CD Drive
- Registers, Cache, Hard Drive, Keyboard, Monitor
- Memory, Arithmetic Logic Unit, Program Control Unit, Input Equipment, Output Equipment (correct)
- RAM, CPU, GPU, Mouse, Printer
Which phase involves write back to memory and is usually slower than the other phases in instruction execution?
Which phase involves write back to memory and is usually slower than the other phases in instruction execution?
- Operation Code Decode Phase
- Memory Access Phase (correct)
- Operation Code Fetch Phase
- Operands Fetch Phase
What is the main differentiation in terms of instruction set architectures classes?
What is the main differentiation in terms of instruction set architectures classes?
- Instruction Execution Speed
- Operating System Support
- Internal Storage Type (correct)
- Number of Instructions
In which storage type are both instructions and operands stored in memory following a specific abstract data type?
In which storage type are both instructions and operands stored in memory following a specific abstract data type?
Which special register is involved in instructions when using the accumulator storage type?
Which special register is involved in instructions when using the accumulator storage type?
What types of instructions and operands are implicitly on the top of stack in the stack storage type?
What types of instructions and operands are implicitly on the top of stack in the stack storage type?
Which of the following statements about the accumulator architecture code and the GPR (register-memory) architecture code is correct?
Which of the following statements about the accumulator architecture code and the GPR (register-memory) architecture code is correct?
Why are instructions with very different execution times or very different numbers of phases not suitable for a production line (pipeline)?
Why are instructions with very different execution times or very different numbers of phases not suitable for a production line (pipeline)?
What is the main advantage of using a Reduced Instruction Set Computer (RISC) architecture over a Complex Instruction Set Computer (CISC) architecture?
What is the main advantage of using a Reduced Instruction Set Computer (RISC) architecture over a Complex Instruction Set Computer (CISC) architecture?
In the context of a GPR (register-memory) architecture, what is the purpose of the control unit?
In the context of a GPR (register-memory) architecture, what is the purpose of the control unit?
What is the main drawback of a single-cycle datapath processor design?
What is the main drawback of a single-cycle datapath processor design?
Which component of a processor is responsible for fetching instructions from memory and providing them to the control unit?
Which component of a processor is responsible for fetching instructions from memory and providing them to the control unit?
Which of the following is NOT one of the five basic parts of a processor with accumulator architecture?
Which of the following is NOT one of the five basic parts of a processor with accumulator architecture?
What is the primary function of the control unit in a processor with accumulator architecture?
What is the primary function of the control unit in a processor with accumulator architecture?
Which of the following is NOT a class of instruction set architectures (ISAs) mentioned in the text?
Which of the following is NOT a class of instruction set architectures (ISAs) mentioned in the text?
In the microprogram representation for the processor with accumulator architecture, what is the purpose of the instruction labeled '#15 Jump'?
In the microprogram representation for the processor with accumulator architecture, what is the purpose of the instruction labeled '#15 Jump'?
What is the purpose of the instruction labeled '#16 Jump if positive' in the microprogram representation?
What is the purpose of the instruction labeled '#16 Jump if positive' in the microprogram representation?
Which of the following instructions is NOT present in the microprogram representation for the processor with accumulator architecture?
Which of the following instructions is NOT present in the microprogram representation for the processor with accumulator architecture?
What are the five phases involved in the execution of an instruction in a processor?
What are the five phases involved in the execution of an instruction in a processor?
Explain the main difference between the stack and accumulator storage types in instruction set architectures.
Explain the main difference between the stack and accumulator storage types in instruction set architectures.
Why does the phase involving memory access, such as writing back to memory, impact program performance significantly?
Why does the phase involving memory access, such as writing back to memory, impact program performance significantly?
What is the primary differentiation factor among instruction set architectures classes?
What is the primary differentiation factor among instruction set architectures classes?
What is the main advantage of using a Reduced Instruction Set Computer (RISC) architecture over a Complex Instruction Set Computer (CISC) architecture?
What is the main advantage of using a Reduced Instruction Set Computer (RISC) architecture over a Complex Instruction Set Computer (CISC) architecture?
Why is a single-cycle datapath processor design considered a drawback in modern processors?
Why is a single-cycle datapath processor design considered a drawback in modern processors?
Explain why instructions with very different execution times or very different numbers of phases are not suitable for a production line (pipeline) in processor design.
Explain why instructions with very different execution times or very different numbers of phases are not suitable for a production line (pipeline) in processor design.
Describe the main purpose of the control unit in a processor with a GPR (register-memory) architecture.
Describe the main purpose of the control unit in a processor with a GPR (register-memory) architecture.
What is the main differentiation in terms of instruction set architectures (ISAs) classes, and how does this impact processor design?
What is the main differentiation in terms of instruction set architectures (ISAs) classes, and how does this impact processor design?
Explain the purpose of the microprogram and the role of the '#15 Jump' and '#16 Jump if positive' instructions in the microprogram representation for a processor with an accumulator architecture.
Explain the purpose of the microprogram and the role of the '#15 Jump' and '#16 Jump if positive' instructions in the microprogram representation for a processor with an accumulator architecture.
Contrast the accumulator architecture code and the GPR (register-memory) architecture code in terms of the number of instructions, memory accesses, and the overall efficiency of the two approaches.
Contrast the accumulator architecture code and the GPR (register-memory) architecture code in terms of the number of instructions, memory accesses, and the overall efficiency of the two approaches.
Explain the main drawback of a single-cycle datapath processor design and how it compares to a more advanced pipelined design.
Explain the main drawback of a single-cycle datapath processor design and how it compares to a more advanced pipelined design.
Explain the key differences between the stack and load-store classes of instruction set architectures (ISAs) in terms of memory access instructions.
Explain the key differences between the stack and load-store classes of instruction set architectures (ISAs) in terms of memory access instructions.
Describe the purpose and connections of the key components in the processor with accumulator architecture illustrated in Figure 2.2.
Describe the purpose and connections of the key components in the processor with accumulator architecture illustrated in Figure 2.2.
Explain the purpose of the instructions labeled '#15 Jump' and '#16 Jump if positive' in the microprogram representation for the processor with accumulator architecture shown in Figure 2.3.
Explain the purpose of the instructions labeled '#15 Jump' and '#16 Jump if positive' in the microprogram representation for the processor with accumulator architecture shown in Figure 2.3.
What is the main advantage of using a Reduced Instruction Set Computer (RISC) architecture over a Complex Instruction Set Computer (CISC) architecture? Provide a specific example to illustrate your answer.
What is the main advantage of using a Reduced Instruction Set Computer (RISC) architecture over a Complex Instruction Set Computer (CISC) architecture? Provide a specific example to illustrate your answer.
In the context of a general-purpose register (GPR) architecture like MIPS, what is the role of the control unit? Describe two key responsibilities it has during instruction execution.
In the context of a general-purpose register (GPR) architecture like MIPS, what is the role of the control unit? Describe two key responsibilities it has during instruction execution.
What is the main drawback of a single-cycle datapath processor design? Explain how pipelining can help overcome this limitation.
What is the main drawback of a single-cycle datapath processor design? Explain how pipelining can help overcome this limitation.
The arithmetic logic unit (ALU) operands are explicitly stored on the top of the stack in the stack storage type.
The arithmetic logic unit (ALU) operands are explicitly stored on the top of the stack in the stack storage type.
The main differentiation in terms of instruction set architectures classes is the internal storage type used in the processor.
The main differentiation in terms of instruction set architectures classes is the internal storage type used in the processor.
The phases involving memory access, such as writing data back to memory, are typically faster than the other phases in instruction execution.
The phases involving memory access, such as writing data back to memory, are typically faster than the other phases in instruction execution.
The control unit in a processor with a general-purpose register (GPR) architecture is responsible for fetching instructions from memory and providing them to the datapath.
The control unit in a processor with a general-purpose register (GPR) architecture is responsible for fetching instructions from memory and providing them to the datapath.
Reduced Instruction Set Computer (RISC) architectures have a more complex instruction set compared to Complex Instruction Set Computer (CISC) architectures.
Reduced Instruction Set Computer (RISC) architectures have a more complex instruction set compared to Complex Instruction Set Computer (CISC) architectures.
Instructions with very different execution times or very different numbers of phases are suitable for a production line (pipeline) in processor design.
Instructions with very different execution times or very different numbers of phases are suitable for a production line (pipeline) in processor design.
The accumulator register in a processor with accumulator architecture is connected to the ALU as an explicit operand.
The accumulator register in a processor with accumulator architecture is connected to the ALU as an explicit operand.
In the processor with accumulator architecture, the microprogram representation includes an instruction for division.
In the processor with accumulator architecture, the microprogram representation includes an instruction for division.
The instruction labeled '#21 Stop' in the microprogram for the processor with accumulator architecture indicates a halt to the processor.
The instruction labeled '#21 Stop' in the microprogram for the processor with accumulator architecture indicates a halt to the processor.
In the processor with accumulator architecture, the data register (DR) is never written to memory.
In the processor with accumulator architecture, the data register (DR) is never written to memory.
The processor with accumulator architecture uses separate instructions for accessing memory compared to the stack storage type.
The processor with accumulator architecture uses separate instructions for accessing memory compared to the stack storage type.
The instruction labeled '#5 Addition' in the microprogram for the processor with accumulator architecture involves subtracting two values before storing the result in memory.
The instruction labeled '#5 Addition' in the microprogram for the processor with accumulator architecture involves subtracting two values before storing the result in memory.
The control unit is responsible for fetching instructions from memory and providing them to the processor's datapath.
The control unit is responsible for fetching instructions from memory and providing them to the processor's datapath.
The main advantage of using a RISC architecture over a CISC architecture is that RISC instructions have very different execution times and numbers of phases.
The main advantage of using a RISC architecture over a CISC architecture is that RISC instructions have very different execution times and numbers of phases.
In a processor with accumulator architecture, the accumulator register is not one of the five basic parts of the processor.
In a processor with accumulator architecture, the accumulator register is not one of the five basic parts of the processor.
The purpose of the '#15 Jump' and '#16 Jump if positive' instructions in the microprogram representation for the processor with accumulator architecture is to control the flow of execution within the microprogram.
The purpose of the '#15 Jump' and '#16 Jump if positive' instructions in the microprogram representation for the processor with accumulator architecture is to control the flow of execution within the microprogram.
The main drawback of a single-cycle datapath processor design is that it can achieve higher performance than a pipelined design.
The main drawback of a single-cycle datapath processor design is that it can achieve higher performance than a pipelined design.
In a GPR (register-memory) architecture, the control unit is responsible for fetching instructions from memory and providing them to the datapath, as well as controlling the execution of the instructions.
In a GPR (register-memory) architecture, the control unit is responsible for fetching instructions from memory and providing them to the datapath, as well as controlling the execution of the instructions.
The five basic parts of a processor include memory, arithmetic logic unit, program ______ unit, input equipment, and output equipment.
The five basic parts of a processor include memory, arithmetic logic unit, program ______ unit, input equipment, and output equipment.
The ______ unit is responsible for fetching instructions from memory and providing them to the datapath in a GPR (register-memory) architecture.
The ______ unit is responsible for fetching instructions from memory and providing them to the datapath in a GPR (register-memory) architecture.
The main differentiation in terms of instruction set architectures classes is the internal ______ type used in the processor.
The main differentiation in terms of instruction set architectures classes is the internal ______ type used in the processor.
In the ______ storage type, both instructions and operands are stored in memory following an abstract data type.
In the ______ storage type, both instructions and operands are stored in memory following an abstract data type.
The main advantage of using a Reduced Instruction Set Computer (RISC) architecture over a Complex Instruction Set Computer (CISC) architecture is that RISC instructions have very ______ execution times and numbers of phases.
The main advantage of using a Reduced Instruction Set Computer (RISC) architecture over a Complex Instruction Set Computer (CISC) architecture is that RISC instructions have very ______ execution times and numbers of phases.
The main ______ of a single-cycle datapath processor design is that it can achieve lower performance compared to a pipelined design.
The main ______ of a single-cycle datapath processor design is that it can achieve lower performance compared to a pipelined design.
The ______ register is connected to the ALU as its implicit operand in the processor with accumulator architecture.
The ______ register is connected to the ALU as its implicit operand in the processor with accumulator architecture.
In the processor with accumulator architecture, the ______ is one of the five basic parts of the processor.
In the processor with accumulator architecture, the ______ is one of the five basic parts of the processor.
The control unit in a processor with a general-purpose register (GPR) architecture is responsible for ______ instructions from memory and providing them to the datapath.
The control unit in a processor with a general-purpose register (GPR) architecture is responsible for ______ instructions from memory and providing them to the datapath.
The main differentiation in terms of instruction set architectures classes is the internal ______ type used in the processor.
The main differentiation in terms of instruction set architectures classes is the internal ______ type used in the processor.
The instruction labeled '______ Jump if positive' in the microprogram representation for the processor with accumulator architecture checks if the accumulator is positive.
The instruction labeled '______ Jump if positive' in the microprogram representation for the processor with accumulator architecture checks if the accumulator is positive.
The main advantage of using a Reduced Instruction Set Computer (RISC) architecture over a Complex Instruction Set Computer (CISC) architecture is ______.
The main advantage of using a Reduced Instruction Set Computer (RISC) architecture over a Complex Instruction Set Computer (CISC) architecture is ______.
The ______ register in a processor with accumulator architecture is connected to the ALU as an explicit operand.
The ______ register in a processor with accumulator architecture is connected to the ALU as an explicit operand.
The ______ is responsible for fetching instructions from memory and providing them to the processor's datapath.
The ______ is responsible for fetching instructions from memory and providing them to the processor's datapath.
The main drawback of a ______ datapath processor design is that it can achieve lower performance than a pipelined design.
The main drawback of a ______ datapath processor design is that it can achieve lower performance than a pipelined design.
Instructions with very different execution times or very different number of ______ are not suitable for a production line, i.e., a pipeline.
Instructions with very different execution times or very different number of ______ are not suitable for a production line, i.e., a pipeline.
The main advantage of using a ______ architecture over a CISC architecture is that RISC instructions have similar execution times and numbers of phases.
The main advantage of using a ______ architecture over a CISC architecture is that RISC instructions have similar execution times and numbers of phases.
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Study Notes
Study Notes
Processor Operation
- The processor operation involves the five basic parts: memory, arithmetic logic unit (ALU), program control unit, input equipment, and output equipment.
- The instruction set architecture defines the processor's instructions, which leads to the design of control and data paths.
Instruction Execution Phases
- The execution of an instruction can be split into different phases:
- Operation code fetch
- Operation code decode
- Operands fetch
- Effective instruction execution
- Results store
- Phases involving memory access can be 10 times slower than the other phases, impacting program performance.
Instruction Set Architectures Classes
- The internal storage type in a processor differentiates instruction set architectures into classes:
- Stack storage type
- Instructions and operands are stored in memory following the abstract data type
- ALU operands are implicitly on the top of the stack (TOS)
- Accumulator storage type
- Instructions involve the accumulator (ACC) register and sometimes the memory
- Stack storage type
Processor Architecture
- The accumulator (ACC) register is connected to the ALU as its implicit operand
- Other registers include:
- Data register (DR)
- Address register (AR)
- Program counter (PC)
- Instruction register (IR)
Microprogram
- A microprogram represents the processor architecture
- It defines the control unit and the data paths
- Examples of microprograms include:
- Load
- Store
- Addition
- Subtraction
- Multiplication
- Jump
- Jump if positive
- Stop
Instruction Set Architecture Approaches
- Instructions can be designed with small differences in execution time and phases to suit a production line (pipeline)
- Examples of instruction set architectures include:
- RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computing)
- CISC (Complex Instruction Set Computing)
Code Examples
- Listing 2.8: Code for accumulator architecture
- 19 instructions
- 19 fetches
- 38 memory accesses
- Listing 2.9: Code for GPR (register-memory) architecture
- 15 instructions
- 15 fetches
- 26 memory accesses (31.5% less than accumulator version)
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