Chapter 18 Study Guide: Representative Elements
40 Questions
3 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What is the main characteristic of representative elements?

  • Filling of the 4f orbitals
  • Filling of the 5f orbitals
  • Chemical properties determined by s and p electrons (correct)
  • Filling of the d orbitals

    • What is the general trend of metallic character in a group?

  • It decreases in going down a group
  • It varies randomly in a group
  • It remains the same in going down a group
  • It increases in going down a group (correct)

    • How is oxygen obtained?

  • Through electrolysis of water
  • Through decomposition of methane in natural gas
  • Through oxidation of anions from halide salts
  • Through liquefaction of air (correct)

    • What is the main characteristic of metalloids?

    <p>They exhibit both metallic and non-metallic characteristics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the percentage of oxygen in the Earth's crust?

    <p>49.2%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between metals and non-metals?

    <p>Metals form cations by losing electrons, while non-metals form anions by gaining electrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of the elements in Group 1A?

    <p>Hydrogen is a non-metal, while the others are active metals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the percentage of oxygen in the human body?

    <p>65%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the bonds in silicon compounds?

    <p>Chains of Si–O bonds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the bonds in elemental oxygen?

    <p>Double bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why does fluorine have a lower electron affinity than chlorine?

    <p>Due to its smaller size</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the reaction of alkali metals with water?

    <p>They react vigorously to release hydrogen gas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the method of preparation of pure lithium?

    <p>Electrolysis of molten LiCl</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the superoxide ion?

    <p>It is paramagnetic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of alkali earth metals when they react with water?

    <p>They react vigorously to form a basic oxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of ionic hydrides?

    <p>They are formed with hydrogen and active metals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the method of preparing pure calcium?

    <p>Electrolysis of molten CaCl2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why does water have a high boiling point?

    <p>Due to its high heat of vaporization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of ion-exchange resin in water softening?

    <p>Removing Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions from water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of boron?

    <p>It is a metalloid that acts as a nonmetal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is unusual about the properties of gallium?

    <p>It expands when it freezes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the method of preparing pure aluminum?

    <p>Electrolysis of Al2O3 in molten Na3AlF6</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following alkali earth metals does not react vigorously with water?

    <p>Beryllium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the oxidation state of thallium in its compounds?

    <p>+1 and +3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the method of preparation of Indium?

    <p>Reduction with H2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of Carbon?

    <p>Form 4 covalent bonds to nonmetals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the method of preparation of Silicon?

    <p>Reduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of Nitrogen molecule?

    <p>Unreactive with strong TRIPLE bonds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the method of preparation of Phosphorus?

    <p>Heating in the absence of air</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of Oxygen?

    <p>Paramagnetic in nature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the method of preparation of Ozone?

    <p>Passing an electrical discharge through pure oxygen gas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of Lead?

    <p>Melts at low temperatures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process by which sulfur is recovered from deposits?

    <p>Pumping superheated water into a deposit to melt sulfur</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the valence electron configuration of Group 7A elements?

    <p>ns2np5</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Group 7A elements?

    <p>Forming polar covalent bonds with metals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the product of the reaction between SO2 and O2?

    <p>SO3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following hydrogen halides does NOT completely dissociate in water?

    <p>HF</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the general trend of the strength of halogen oxyacids with respect to the number of oxygen atoms attached to the halogen?

    <p>The strength of the acid increases as the number of oxygen atoms increases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of Group 8A elements?

    <p>Filled s and p valence orbitals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following noble gases is able to form chemical bonds under certain circumstances?

    <p>Argon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Representative Elements

    • Characterized by a wide range of properties; include metals, non-metals, and metalloids.
    • Possess valence electrons that determine chemical reactivity.

    Metallic Character Trend

    • Generally increases down a group; elements tend to lose electrons more easily.
    • Decreases from left to right across a period.

    Oxygen Production

    • Obtained through the process of photosynthesis in plants, or by the electrolysis of water.
    • Industrially produced via fractional distillation of liquefied air or chemical reactions.

    Metalloids

    • Exhibit properties intermediate between metals and non-metals.
    • Typically possess a mix of metallic luster and non-metallic reactivity.

    Oxygen in Earth's Crust

    • Comprises around 46% of the Earth's crust by weight.
    • Most abundant element in the crust, primarily found in oxides and silicates.

    Metals vs. Non-metals

    • Metals are generally good conductors of heat and electricity, while non-metals are poor conductors.
    • Metals tend to lose electrons and form cations; non-metals gain electrons to form anions.

    Group 1A Elements

    • Known as alkali metals; highly reactive, especially with water.
    • Have a single valence electron, which they readily lose to form positive ions.

    Oxygen in the Human Body

    • Makes up about 65% of the human body's mass.
    • Vital for cellular respiration and energy production.

    Silicon Compounds

    • Characterized by covalent bonds that are strong and directional, leading to high stability.

    Elemental Oxygen Bonds

    • Exists as O2, featuring a double bond which is relatively strong and stable.

    Electron Affinity of Halogens

    • Fluorine has lower electron affinity than chlorine due to increased electron-electron repulsion in its compact atomic structure.

    Alkali Metals Reaction with Water

    • React vigorously to form alkaline hydroxides and hydrogen gas, accompanied by the release of heat.

    Pure Lithium Preparation

    • Obtained via the electrolysis of molten lithium chloride.

    Superoxide Ion

    • Contains a superoxide ion (O2−), which is highly reactive and used in various chemical applications.

    Alkaline Earth Metals and Water

    • Typically react less vigorously with water than alkali metals, forming hydroxides.

    Ionic Hydrides

    • Formed when metals react with hydrogen, characterized by ionic bonds.

    Pure Calcium Preparation

    • Prepared through electrolysis of calcium chloride or from the thermal decomposition of calcium carbonate.

    Water's High Boiling Point

    • Due to extensive hydrogen bonding, leading to higher energy requirement for phase change.

    Ion-Exchange Resin Function

    • Utilized in water softening to remove hard ions (such as calcium and magnesium) and replace them with sodium ions.

    Boron Characteristic

    • Exhibits unique properties, such as forming covalent compounds and having a high melting point.

    Gallium Properties

    • Displays unusual characteristics such as melting near room temperature, existing as a liquid.

    Pure Aluminum Preparation

    • Produced through the Hall-Héroult process, which involves electrolysis of bauxite.

    Alkali Earth Metal Reactivity

    • Beryllium is the least reactive alkali earth metal with water under standard conditions.

    Thallium Oxidation State

    • Commonly found in the +1 and +3 oxidation states in its compounds.

    Indium Preparation

    • Obtained through the process of extraction from zinc ores or by reduction methods.

    Carbon Characteristic

    • Known for its ability to form various allotropes and stable covalent bonds with multiple elements.

    Silicon Preparation

    • Manufactured by heating silica with carbon in an electric furnace.

    Nitrogen Molecule Characteristic

    • Exists as a diatomic molecule (N2), characterized by a strong triple bond.

    Phosphorus Preparation

    • Produced mainly by heating phosphate rocks with carbon in an electric furnace.

    Oxygen Characteristic

    • Vital for combustion and respiration; exists in diatomic gas form (O2) and ozone form (O3).

    Ozone Preparation

    • Created by the photodissociation of oxygen (O2) in the presence of ultraviolet light.

    Lead Characteristic

    • Notable for its density, malleability, and resistance to corrosion, often used in batteries and shielding.

    Sulfur Recovery Process

    • Typically recovered from deposits through the Frasch process or by sulfur mining.

    Group 7A Valence Electrons

    • Elements have seven valence electrons; they typically gain an electron to achieve a stable octet.

    Group 7A Non-characteristics

    • Inability to exist as monatomic gases at room temperature is NOT a characteristic of these elements.

    Sulfur Dioxide and Oxygen Reaction

    • Produces sulfur trioxide (SO3) in the presence of a catalyst.

    Dissociation of Hydrogen Halides

    • Hydrofluoric acid (HF) does not completely dissociate in water, unlike other hydrogen halides.

    Halogen Oxyacid Strength Trend

    • Strength increases with the number of oxygen atoms bonded to the halogen, leading to stronger acids.

    Group 8A Elements Characteristic

    • Known as noble gases; characterized by their complete valence electron shells and lack of reactivity.

    Noble Gases and Chemical Bonds

    • Xenon can form chemical bonds under specific conditions, making it the most reactive noble gas.

    Studying That Suits You

    Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

    Quiz Team

    Description

    Study guide covering the properties and characteristics of representative elements, including metals, non-metals, and metalloids, and their electron configurations.

    More Like This

    Use Quizgecko on...
    Browser
    Open
    Browser
    Browser