Chapter 14: Economic Transformations 1450-1750

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to Lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson
Download our mobile app to listen on the go
Get App

Questions and Answers

What motivated European involvement in the world of Asian commerce?

Europe was still recovering from the Black Plague. They knew they would receive a lot of money if they participated in the trade.

To what extent did the Portuguese realize their own goals in the Indian Ocean?

Their ships could outgun and outmaneuver competing naval forces in the Indian Ocean. The cannons onboard their ships could devastate coastal fortifications.

What was one main difference between the Spanish colonization of the Philippines and the Portuguese colonization of the Indian Ocean Basin?

The Spanish converted the Filipinos while the Portuguese blended with the local population.

To what extent did the British and Dutch trading companies change the societies they encountered in Asia?

<p>The British were brutal in their conquest of small island economies. This left societies shattered and impoverished. The Dutch were more destructive and impactful than the British in their conquest of Asia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was Japan's response to the Europeans whom they saw as a threat?

<p>They expelled Christian missionaries and violently suppressed Christianity. They started trading with the Dutch.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why was the silver trade so historically important?

<p>The silver trade commercialized China's economy and was the first direct link from the Americas to Asia. This fueled trade between these areas for centuries. Spain and Japan were transformed because they produced most of the world's silver.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What impact did the discovery of the world's largest silver mine at Potosí have on the Native American miners?

<p>Native American miners were forced to work to death in horrendous conditions, the exploitation of labor fueled the silver trade.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the discovery of the vast silver mines in South America affect Spain's position in Europe?

<p>It allowed Spain to finance wars, fund explorations, and support the arts during the Spanish Golden Age.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What may have increased the demand for furs in the early modern era?

<p>The Little Ice Age increased the demand for furs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the North American and Siberian fur trades differ from each other? What did they have in common?

<p>North America dealt with several competing European nations who obtained furs through commercial negotiations. Siberia had no competition. Both trades relied on the exploitation of indigenous populations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was slavery like in the Islamic world?

<p>Slaves were considered people first and then property. They were regarded as productive labor.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was distinctive about the Atlantic slave trade in the Americas?

<p>It transformed the economies of Spain and Japan because of the silver produced.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What caused the Atlantic slave trade to grow? Why was slavery a source of labor?

<p>The growth of sugar plantations and agriculture called for more slaves. The Great Dying contributed because so many people died that they needed more slaves to fill in for work. Africans were also immune to diseases, making them desirable as workers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why did Africa become the primary source of slave labor for the plantation economies of the Americas?

<p>People enslaved in West Africa became the most valuable commodity for European traders. Slavery existed in Africa long before the arrival of Europeans.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role did the Europeans play in the unfolding of the Atlantic slave trade?

<p>The Europeans needed cheap labor, which led them to buy slaves from Africans. This began to balance the supply and demand for slaves. When the need for slaves increased, Europeans started to attain slaves on their own and transported them across the Atlantic.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role did the Africans play in the unfolding of the Atlantic slave trade?

<p>Africans sold slaves to the Europeans because they needed cheap labor. They captured and sold their own people into slavery.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the significance of Ferdinand Magellan's round the world voyage.

<p>Ferdinand Magellan was a Portuguese mariner who sailed on behalf of the Spanish crown, it was the first recorded circumnavigation of the globe. His voyage was a significant achievement for Spain, solidifying its status as a major maritime power.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the significance of the British/Dutch East India Companies.

<p>The British and Dutch East India Companies were given the power to make war and to govern conquered peoples.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the significance of Daimyo.

<p>Daimyo were powerful feudal lords in Japan, who controlled vast territories and armies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the significance of Samurai.

<p>Samurai were warriors who served the Daimyo, they were known for their loyalty, honor, and martial skills.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the significance of Shogun.

<p>The Shogun was a supreme military commander who hailed from the Tokugawa clan, he was the most powerful figure in Japan, holding absolute power.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the significance of the Tokugawa Shogunate.

<p>The Tokugawa Shogunate explicitly disavowed any responsibilities for or connection with Japanese merchants. They implemented strict isolationist polices to control trade and discourage foreign influence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the significance of Manila.

<p>Manila was the destination of annual Spanish shipments of silver.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the significance of Potosi.

<p>Potosi was the site of a huge silver mining operation in South America. It transformed the global economy because of its abundance of silver ore.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the significance of the African Diaspora.

<p>The African diaspora refers to the global spread of African peoples, primarily due to the Atlantic slave trade.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the significance of the Middle Passage.

<p>The Middle Passage was the transatlantic voyage that transported enslaved Africans from Africa to the Americas, where they were used as forced labor on sugar plantations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

European involvement in Asian commerce motivation

Europe's drive to participate in Asian trade stemmed from post-plague recovery and the potential for substantial profits.

Portuguese Indian Ocean goals

The Portuguese sought to establish naval supremacy and control key trade routes in the Indian Ocean.

Spanish vs. Portuguese colonization

While both colonized, the Spanish focused on conversion efforts in the Philippines, whereas the Portuguese focused on blending with local populations.

British/Dutch impact on Asian societies

The British were often brutal in their takeover of islands leading to devastation and poverty, compared to the Dutch, who were sometimes less destructive.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Japan's response to Europeans

Japan expelled Christian missionaries, suppressed Christianity, and limited trade primarily to the Dutch.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Silver trade's significance

The silver trade revolutionized China's economy, creating a direct link between the Americas and Asia, influencing trade for centuries.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Potosi silver mine impact

The Potosi mine led to harsh working conditions for indigenous miners, dramatically affecting their lives.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Potosi's impact on Spain’s European position

Silver from Potosi funded wars, exploration, arts, and strengthened Spain's standing in Europe during the Spanish Golden Age.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Fur trade demand increase

The Little Ice Age likely increased the demand for furs in the early modern era.

Signup and view all the flashcards

North American vs. Siberian fur trades

North American fur trade was competitive among Europeans, while Siberia saw substantial European control.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Islamic world slavery

Islamic world slavery acknowledged enslaved people as having human rights alongside being property, often used for productive labor.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Atlantic slave trade uniqueness

The Atlantic slave trade transformed economies, used Africans as laborers, and significantly differed in scale and impact from previous trade systems.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Atlantic slave trade growth factors

The growth of sugar plantations drove demand for enslaved labor, and the 'Great Dying' also contributed, as Europeans needed workers to replenish lost lives.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Africa's role in Atlantic slave trade

African societies participated in the trade by capturing, selling, and trading captive people as enslaved.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Europe's role in Atlantic slave trade

Europeans were the buyers and traders of enslaved people that were forced into the transatlantic trade.

Signup and view all the flashcards

American Slave Destinations

The Caribbean and South America became primary destinations for enslaved peoples in the 18th century.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Ferdinand Magellan

Portuguese mariner sailing under the Spanish crown that led a significant voyage around the world.

Signup and view all the flashcards

British/Dutch East India Companies

Granted powers to wage wars and govern conquered lands, these companies held significant power in Asia.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Daimyo

Feudal lords who dominated Japan and often were involved in conflict.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Samurai

Warriors who were part of Japan's feudal system.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Shogun

A supreme military commander, often from a prominent clan, in Japan's feudal government.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Tokugawa Shogunate

Clan in Japan that disavowed any connection or responsibility concerning Japanese merchants.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Manila

Destination of Spanish silver shipments to Asia.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Potosi

Location of a significant silver mine in South America.

Signup and view all the flashcards

African diaspora

Worldwide spread of African peoples, largely due to the Atlantic slave trade.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Middle Passage

The brutal sea journey enslaved Africans endured during the transatlantic trade.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Study Notes

Chapter 14: Ways of the World - Economic Transformations: Commerce and Consequence, 1450 to 1750

  • European and Asian Commerce:

    • Europeans were motivated to participate in Asian trade due to recovery from the Black Plague and the potential for significant profit.
    • Portuguese ships, superior in naval technology, were successful in the Indian Ocean. Their cannons effectively countered coastal fortifications.
    • While the Portuguese often integrated into local populations, the Spanish in the Philippines focused on conversion.
    • British and Dutch trading companies had a significant, often destructive, impact on Asian societies. The British were brutal, while the Dutch were impactful in their approach.

  • Silver and Global Commerce:

    • The silver trade was critically important, creating the first direct link between the Americas and Asia, and impacting the economies of China, Spain, and Japan.
    • Potosi, a significant silver mine, led to inhumane working conditions for native American miners.
    • Spanish expansion was supported by the wealth gained from silver mines in South America, enabling them to fund wars, exploration, and the arts.

  • The "World Hunt": Fur in Global Commerce

    • Increased demand for furs was likely the result of the Little Ice Age.
    • North American fur trade involved several competing European nations through negotiations.
    • Siberia's fur trade lacked competition.

  • Commerce in People: The Atlantic Slave Trade

    • Slavery in the Islamic world viewed slaves as property, but also as laborers.
    • Distinctive aspects of the Atlantic slave trade in the Americas were the high numbers of slaves and the impact on various societies.
    • The growth of sugar plantations and agriculture was a key driver in the expansion of the Atlantic slave trade. Africans were seen as a labor source due to their resistance to certain diseases commonly found in the Americas.
    • Europe's growing need for labor in the Americas played a central role in the expansion of the trade.
    • Africans participated in the trade by capturing and selling other Africans.
    • The Americas, particularly the Caribbean and South America, were the main destinations for enslaved Africans in the 18th century.

  • Additional Concepts:

    • Daimyo refers to Japanese feudal lords.
    • Samurai were the warriors.
    • Shogun was the supreme military commander, often from the Tokugawa clan
    • Tokugawa Shogunate, in Japan, explicitly avoided interaction with foreign merchants.
    • Manila was a destination for Spanish silver.
    • Potosi was the site of a large silver mine.
    • African Diaspora refers to the global dispersal of African people.
    • The Middle Passage refers to the brutal conditions aboard ships carrying enslaved Africans across the Atlantic.
    • Ferdinand Magellan's voyages demonstrated the size of the Earth and new trade routes.
    • British and Dutch East India Companies were instrumental in controlling trade practices in Asia.

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Quiz Team

Related Documents

Kylie Shine - Chapter 14 Study Guide PDF

More Like This

Use Quizgecko on...
Browser
Open
Browser
Browser