26 Questions
What is the primary cause of Cardiovascular Disease (CVD)?
Atherosclerosis
What is a risk factor that is genetic?
Family medical history
What is a warning flag for cardiovascular disease?
All of the above
What is the combination of family medical history and laboratory test results?
A predictor of disease
Which disease is related to the buildup of plaque in the arteries?
Atherosclerosis
What is a term that encompasses all diseases of the heart and blood vessels?
Cardiovascular disease
What is the main difference between infectious diseases and chronic diseases?
Infectious diseases are caused by microbes, while chronic diseases are caused by lifestyle factors.
What is a common characteristic of chronic diseases?
They have a slow progression and lack an immediate cure.
What is an example of a chronic disease?
Heart disease
What is a factor that contributes to the development of chronic diseases?
All of the above
What is a result of malnutrition?
Impaired immune defenses
What is a consequence of malnutrition and disease?
A destructive cycle of worsening malnutrition and disease
What is a result of diseases such as HIV/AIDS and cancer?
Depressed appetite and sped up metabolism
What is the importance of a balanced diet?
It ensures the proper functioning of the immune system
What is not a result of taking extra daily doses of nutrients, herbs, or other substances?
No enhancement of the immune system
Who are more susceptible to the effects of malnutrition?
The very young or old
What is a major risk factor for atherosclerosis?
High LDL cholesterol
What happens when a plaque ruptures in an artery?
The body responds with blood clotting
What is the term for a clot that breaks loose and travels in the bloodstream?
Emboli
What is the result of atherosclerosis on blood pressure?
Blood pressure increases
Which of the following is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease?
Older age
What is the term for a weakened artery wall that balloons out and can burst?
Aneurysm
What is the role of WBCs in atherosclerosis?
To ingest and remove oxidized LDL
What is the term for the process of blood clotting?
Thrombosis
What is the result of a heart attack?
Sudden death of part of the heart muscle
What is a dietary factor that can contribute to atherosclerosis?
Diet high in saturated and trans fat
Study Notes
Diet and Health
- There are two main kinds of diseases: infectious diseases and chronic diseases.
- Infectious diseases are caused by bacteria, viruses, parasites, and other microbes, and can be transmitted from one person to another through air, water, or food.
- Chronic diseases, also known as lifestyle diseases, are caused by a mixture of genetic, prior or current diseases, and lifestyle choices, and can lead to a slow progression, long duration, and lack of immediate cure.
Chronic Diseases
- Chronic diseases are the leading causes of death and illness.
- They arise from a mixture of factors in three areas: genetic inheritance, prior or current diseases, and lifestyle choices.
The Effects of Malnutrition
- Malnutrition can worsen disease, which in turn can worsen malnutrition, creating a destructive cycle.
- Susceptible people, such as the very young or old, poor, and hospitalized, are more prone to malnutrition.
- Malnutrition can impair immune defenses, making the body vulnerable to infection.
- Disease can also worsen malnutrition, especially in cases of HIV/AIDS and cancer.
- A diet that supplies adequate nutrients ensures the proper functioning of the immune system.
The Concept of Risk Factors
- Risk factors are factors known to be related or correlated with diseases, but not proved to be causal.
- Risk factors can be genetic, environmental, or behavioral.
- Estimating one's risks involves considering factors such as family medical history, laboratory test results, and lifestyle choices.
Cardiovascular Diseases
- Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a general term for all diseases of the heart and blood vessels.
- Atherosclerosis is the main cause of CVD, and is caused by a diet high in saturated and trans fat.
- The cells lining the arteries may incur damage from factors such as high LDL cholesterol, hypertension, diabetes, toxins from cigarette smoking, obesity, and certain viral or bacterial infections.
Atherosclerosis
- Atherosclerosis is a process where the cells lining the arteries become damaged, leading to inflammation and the formation of plaque.
- White blood cells (WBC) are sent to the site to repair the damage, but they become engorged with oxidized LDL, leading to the formation of "foam cells" and hardened areas of plaque.
- Plaque rupture can occur when the artery wall or blood pressure surges, causing the body to respond to the damage as an injury by clotting the blood.
- This can lead to thrombosis, embolism, heart attack, and stroke.
Risk Factors for CVD
- Age, gender, and genetic inheritance are all risk factors for CVD.
- High LDL and low HDL cholesterol levels are also risk factors.
- A blood lipid profile with low HDL and high LDL elevates the risk of CVD.
This quiz covers the two main kinds of diseases: infectious diseases and chronic diseases. It explains the causes and characteristics of each.
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