Chapter 10: Diabetes and Metabolic Syndrome

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What is the primary cause of diabetes mellitus?

Deficit of insulin secretion (correct)

Impaired digestion of carbohydrates

Insulin resistance

Overproduction of glucagon

What happens to protein synthesis in diabetes?

It decreases (correct)

It remains unaffected

It stops completely

It increases

What is the result of excessive amounts of ketones in the blood?

Oxygen toxicity

Respiratory alkalosis

Metabolic acidosis (correct)

Electrolyte imbalance

Why do neurons need a constant supply of glucose?

Because they need energy constantly Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal blood sugar level (fasting) in a healthy individual?

Less than 100 mg/dL Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the presence of ketones in the urine?

Ketonuria Signup and view all the answers

What can occur due to excessive exercise in diabetic patients?

Hypoglycemia Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of insulin on the transport of glucose into cells?

It increases glucose transport Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of catabolism of fats in diabetes?

Production of fatty acids and ketones Signup and view all the answers

Which type of muscle can utilize glucose without proportionate amounts of insulin?

Skeletal muscle Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of overweight and obesity?

Caloric imbalance Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of Type I diabetes?

Autoimmune destruction of islet cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the increase in obesity in the 12-19 years old age group between 1980 and 2000?

Tripled Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of a severe lack of insulin in the body?

Hyperglycemia Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the group of conditions that include ketoacidosis, hyperosmolar hyperglycemic nonketotic syndrome, and hypoglycemia?

Acute diabetes mellitus Signup and view all the answers

What is the common factor in all varieties of Metabolic Syndrome?

3 factors Signup and view all the answers

What is the treatment for hypoglycemia?

Providing immediate glucose replacement Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of high blood sugar?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What is the underlying cause of metabolic syndrome?

Release of insulin antagonists Signup and view all the answers

What is the underlying cause of diabetic ketoacidosis?

Insulin deficiency Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of hyperosmolar hyperglycemic nonketotic syndrome?

High serum osmotic pressures Signup and view all the answers

What is the percentage of clinically obese young people diagnosed with metabolic syndrome in the USA?

49% Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the rebound hyperglycemia that occurs after hypoglycemia?

Somogyi effect Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of insulin resistance?

The body’s cells become resistant to insulin Signup and view all the answers

What is the percentage of children and adolescents diagnosed with metabolic syndrome?

1-4% Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of a lack of insulin on the metabolism of fat, protein, and carbohydrate?

Increased metabolism of all three Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of excess glucose in the urine?

Polyuria Signup and view all the answers

What is the risk factor associated with metabolic syndrome?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the symptoms of diabetes that include polyuria, polydipsia, and polyphagia?

Full metabolic syndrome Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of an increased proportion of body fat?

Insulin resistance Signup and view all the answers

What is the main cause of the dawn phenomenon?

Nighttime rise in GH which decreases metabolism of glucose by muscle and fat Signup and view all the answers

What is the leading cause of blindness in diabetes?

Microangiopathy Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of peripheral neuropathy in diabetes?

Reduced pain and reduced blood flow Signup and view all the answers

What is the common problem in diabetes that leads to impaired sensation, numbness, and tingling?

Neuropathy Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of diabetes on tuberculosis?

Diabetes increases susceptibility to tuberculosis Signup and view all the answers

What is the cause of cataracts in diabetes?

Abnormal metabolism of glucose Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of Type II Diabetes?

Older adolescents and adults, insidious, and obesity is a factor Signup and view all the answers

What is the goal of treatment in Type II Diabetes?

To restore normal glucose levels and correct metabolic disorders Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of Gestational Diabetes?

Develops during pregnancy and usually resolves after pregnancy Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of being overweight on the ability to burn fat during exercise?

Decreases the ability to burn fat Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome

Obesity means having an excess amount of body fat, often due to a caloric imbalance influenced by genetic, behavioral, and environmental factors.
Body Mass Index (BMI) can be calculated to determine obesity.
The increase in obesity in children and adolescents has led to a marked increase in type 2 diabetes, elevated cholesterol, and increased blood pressure.

Metabolic Syndrome

Metabolic syndrome is a combination of three factors: increase in abdominal fat, changes in glucose metabolism, and changes in lipoprotein metabolism.
It is common in obese young people, with 49% of clinically obese individuals diagnosed with the syndrome in the USA.
The underlying cause of metabolic syndrome is the release of insulin antagonists by adipose tissue, leading to insulin resistance.

Diabetes

Diabetes mellitus is caused by a deficit of insulin secretion or a lack of response to insulin (insulin resistance).
Deficient insulin results in abnormal carbohydrate, protein, and fat metabolism.
Insulin is not required to transport glucose into brain cells or for glucose absorption in the digestive tract.
Exercising skeletal muscle can also utilize glucose without proportionate amounts of insulin.

Type I Diabetes

Type I diabetes is typically found in children, but can occur in adults, with a sudden onset and autoimmune destruction.
It is treated with insulin replacement.
Results from a severe, absolute lack of insulin caused by destruction of islet cells in the pancreas.
Full metabolic syndrome is caused by both insulin deficiency and excess glucagon.

Complications of Acute Diabetes Mellitus

Major acute complications of diabetes mellitus include hypoglycemia, diabetic ketoacidosis, and hyperosmolar hyperglycemic nonketotic syndrome.
Hypoglycemia is a low blood sugar condition that can occur in more than 90% of cases.
Diabetic ketoacidosis is a serious complication due to a deficiency of insulin and an increase in insulin counterregulatory hormones.

Chronic Complications of Diabetes

Vascular problems include microangiopathy, which causes thickening of capillary basement membranes, and macroangiopathy, which affects large arteries.
Peripheral neuropathy reduces pain and creates gangrenous ulcers and infections.
Infections are more common and more severe in diabetic patients.
Cataracts are another problem due to the abnormal metabolism of glucose.

Type II Diabetes

Type II diabetes is more common in older adolescents and adults, often associated with obesity.
It is treated with diet, exercise, hypoglycemic agents, and insulin replacement if necessary.
Decreased beta cell responsiveness to plasma glucose and abnormal glucagon secretion are characteristics of Type II diabetes.

Gestational Diabetes

Gestational diabetes develops during pregnancy and usually resolves after pregnancy.
It increases the risk of developing Type 2 diabetes within 15 years of pregnancy.

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Description

Test your understanding of diabetes and metabolic syndrome, including the causes and effects of insulin deficiency and insulin resistance on the body's metabolism.