40 Questions
What is the primary cause of diabetes mellitus?
Deficit of insulin secretion
What happens to protein synthesis in diabetes?
It decreases
What is the result of excessive amounts of ketones in the blood?
Metabolic acidosis
Why do neurons need a constant supply of glucose?
Because they need energy constantly
What is the normal blood sugar level (fasting) in a healthy individual?
Less than 100 mg/dL
What is the term for the presence of ketones in the urine?
Ketonuria
What can occur due to excessive exercise in diabetic patients?
Hypoglycemia
What is the effect of insulin on the transport of glucose into cells?
It increases glucose transport
What is the result of catabolism of fats in diabetes?
Production of fatty acids and ketones
Which type of muscle can utilize glucose without proportionate amounts of insulin?
Skeletal muscle
What is the primary cause of overweight and obesity?
Caloric imbalance
What is the primary cause of Type I diabetes?
Autoimmune destruction of islet cells
What is the increase in obesity in the 12-19 years old age group between 1980 and 2000?
Tripled
What is the result of a severe lack of insulin in the body?
Hyperglycemia
What is the term for the group of conditions that include ketoacidosis, hyperosmolar hyperglycemic nonketotic syndrome, and hypoglycemia?
Acute diabetes mellitus
What is the common factor in all varieties of Metabolic Syndrome?
3 factors
What is the treatment for hypoglycemia?
Providing immediate glucose replacement
What is the result of high blood sugar?
All of the above
What is the underlying cause of metabolic syndrome?
Release of insulin antagonists
What is the underlying cause of diabetic ketoacidosis?
Insulin deficiency
What is the characteristic of hyperosmolar hyperglycemic nonketotic syndrome?
High serum osmotic pressures
What is the percentage of clinically obese young people diagnosed with metabolic syndrome in the USA?
49%
What is the term for the rebound hyperglycemia that occurs after hypoglycemia?
Somogyi effect
What is the result of insulin resistance?
The body’s cells become resistant to insulin
What is the percentage of children and adolescents diagnosed with metabolic syndrome?
1-4%
What is the effect of a lack of insulin on the metabolism of fat, protein, and carbohydrate?
Increased metabolism of all three
What is the result of excess glucose in the urine?
Polyuria
What is the risk factor associated with metabolic syndrome?
All of the above
What is the term for the symptoms of diabetes that include polyuria, polydipsia, and polyphagia?
Full metabolic syndrome
What is the result of an increased proportion of body fat?
Insulin resistance
What is the main cause of the dawn phenomenon?
Nighttime rise in GH which decreases metabolism of glucose by muscle and fat
What is the leading cause of blindness in diabetes?
Microangiopathy
What is the result of peripheral neuropathy in diabetes?
Reduced pain and reduced blood flow
What is the common problem in diabetes that leads to impaired sensation, numbness, and tingling?
Neuropathy
What is the effect of diabetes on tuberculosis?
Diabetes increases susceptibility to tuberculosis
What is the cause of cataracts in diabetes?
Abnormal metabolism of glucose
What is the characteristic of Type II Diabetes?
Older adolescents and adults, insidious, and obesity is a factor
What is the goal of treatment in Type II Diabetes?
To restore normal glucose levels and correct metabolic disorders
What is the characteristic of Gestational Diabetes?
Develops during pregnancy and usually resolves after pregnancy
What is the effect of being overweight on the ability to burn fat during exercise?
Decreases the ability to burn fat
Study Notes
Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome
- Obesity means having an excess amount of body fat, often due to a caloric imbalance influenced by genetic, behavioral, and environmental factors.
- Body Mass Index (BMI) can be calculated to determine obesity.
- The increase in obesity in children and adolescents has led to a marked increase in type 2 diabetes, elevated cholesterol, and increased blood pressure.
Metabolic Syndrome
- Metabolic syndrome is a combination of three factors: increase in abdominal fat, changes in glucose metabolism, and changes in lipoprotein metabolism.
- It is common in obese young people, with 49% of clinically obese individuals diagnosed with the syndrome in the USA.
- The underlying cause of metabolic syndrome is the release of insulin antagonists by adipose tissue, leading to insulin resistance.
Diabetes
- Diabetes mellitus is caused by a deficit of insulin secretion or a lack of response to insulin (insulin resistance).
- Deficient insulin results in abnormal carbohydrate, protein, and fat metabolism.
- Insulin is not required to transport glucose into brain cells or for glucose absorption in the digestive tract.
- Exercising skeletal muscle can also utilize glucose without proportionate amounts of insulin.
Type I Diabetes
- Type I diabetes is typically found in children, but can occur in adults, with a sudden onset and autoimmune destruction.
- It is treated with insulin replacement.
- Results from a severe, absolute lack of insulin caused by destruction of islet cells in the pancreas.
- Full metabolic syndrome is caused by both insulin deficiency and excess glucagon.
Complications of Acute Diabetes Mellitus
- Major acute complications of diabetes mellitus include hypoglycemia, diabetic ketoacidosis, and hyperosmolar hyperglycemic nonketotic syndrome.
- Hypoglycemia is a low blood sugar condition that can occur in more than 90% of cases.
- Diabetic ketoacidosis is a serious complication due to a deficiency of insulin and an increase in insulin counterregulatory hormones.
Chronic Complications of Diabetes
- Vascular problems include microangiopathy, which causes thickening of capillary basement membranes, and macroangiopathy, which affects large arteries.
- Peripheral neuropathy reduces pain and creates gangrenous ulcers and infections.
- Infections are more common and more severe in diabetic patients.
- Cataracts are another problem due to the abnormal metabolism of glucose.
Type II Diabetes
- Type II diabetes is more common in older adolescents and adults, often associated with obesity.
- It is treated with diet, exercise, hypoglycemic agents, and insulin replacement if necessary.
- Decreased beta cell responsiveness to plasma glucose and abnormal glucagon secretion are characteristics of Type II diabetes.
Gestational Diabetes
- Gestational diabetes develops during pregnancy and usually resolves after pregnancy.
- It increases the risk of developing Type 2 diabetes within 15 years of pregnancy.
Test your understanding of diabetes and metabolic syndrome, including the causes and effects of insulin deficiency and insulin resistance on the body's metabolism.
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