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Questions and Answers
What was Calles's role prior to becoming president in 1924?
What was Calles's role prior to becoming president in 1924?
- He was an influential politician. (correct)
- He was a well-known artist.
- He was a military commander.
- He was a prominent businessman.
What was the main focus of Calles's domestic program regarding education?
What was the main focus of Calles's domestic program regarding education?
- Improving literacy rates among the urban population.
- Training teachers for private schools.
- Expanding rural education and promoting Spanish language proficiency. (correct)
- Promoting higher education for elite students.
How did the muralist movement contribute to Calles's domestic program?
How did the muralist movement contribute to Calles's domestic program?
- It served as a means of education for the illiterate populace. (correct)
- It helped to promote traditional Mexican art.
- It provided employment opportunities for artists.
- It encouraged artistic freedom and expression.
What aspect of Mexican society did Calles's government focus on improving in addition to education?
What aspect of Mexican society did Calles's government focus on improving in addition to education?
What was the main goal of the government's effort to promote Spanish language proficiency in rural areas?
What was the main goal of the government's effort to promote Spanish language proficiency in rural areas?
What was the primary focus of the PNR under the leadership of Calles?
What was the primary focus of the PNR under the leadership of Calles?
What was the outcome of the special election in which Ortiz Rubio was declared the winner?
What was the outcome of the special election in which Ortiz Rubio was declared the winner?
What significant change did Calles implement in the Mexican army?
What significant change did Calles implement in the Mexican army?
Who was the opposition candidate against Ortiz Rubio in the special election?
Who was the opposition candidate against Ortiz Rubio in the special election?
What major social conflict was resolved during the years 1928-34, contributing to political stability?
What major social conflict was resolved during the years 1928-34, contributing to political stability?
Flashcards
Calles Era
Calles Era
A long, turbulent period in Mexico starting in 1924, characterized by Plutarco Elías Calles's strong grip on power. He emerged as the supreme authority, driving social and political reforms. Calles's influence, shaped by his background as a teacher and his revolutionary experiences, played a pivotal role in molding the nation's course.
What was the Cristero Rebellion?
What was the Cristero Rebellion?
The Cristero Rebellion was an armed uprising in Mexico from 1926 to 1929, led by Roman Catholic peasants who opposed the government's secularization policies.
What were the consequences of the Cristero Rebellion?
What were the consequences of the Cristero Rebellion?
The Cristero Rebellion caused significant turmoil in Mexico, leading to violence and tension between the government and the Catholic Church.
Calles's Domestic Program
Calles's Domestic Program
A program focused on improving rural education in Mexico under Calles's leadership. This initiative involved expanding the network of rural schools, promoting Spanish language proficiency, and fostering national identity among the indigenous population.
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Expansion of Rural Schools
Expansion of Rural Schools
A major initiative launched during Calles's era, significantly expanding the number of rural schools and emphasizing the teaching of Spanish. This program sought to bridge educational gaps, bring national consciousness, and address the needs of the indigenous population.
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What was the significance of resolving the Cristero Rebellion?
What was the significance of resolving the Cristero Rebellion?
The resolution of the Cristero Rebellion in 1929 was a significant step towards political stability in Mexico, ending a period of conflict.
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What was the core conflict of the Cristero Rebellion?
What was the core conflict of the Cristero Rebellion?
The Cristero Rebellion represented a clash between the secular forces of the Mexican government and the traditional religious beliefs held by a large portion of the Mexican populace.
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Muralist Movement
Muralist Movement
A significant program that utilized murals as educational tools and a medium to spread knowledge about Mexican history and political awareness. This initiative, primarily targeting the non-literate population, contributed to shaping national identity and fostering political engagement.
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Health and Sanitation Program
Health and Sanitation Program
The substantial improvement in public health and sanitation conditions in Mexico during the Calles Era. The efforts to combat disease and improve sanitation facilities marked a significant progress from the neglectful conditions prevalent during the colonial era.
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What were the immediate results of the Cristero Rebellion?
What were the immediate results of the Cristero Rebellion?
The Cristero Rebellion resulted in the deaths of thousands of Mexicans and weakened the Catholic Church's influence in Mexico.
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Chapter 10: Calles: Supreme Chief of an Institutionalized Revolution
- Plutarco Elias Calles, a general, held a significant position in Mexico
- Born in 1877 in Guaymas, Sonora
- Started as a primary school teacher, then served in minor political and military roles
- Became the provisional governor of Sonora in 1917
- Loyal support of Obregon solidified his presidential candidacy
- Elected in 1924, with the endorsement of labor and agrarian groups
- Calles, as "Jefe Máximo," held significant control from 1924-1934
- Domestic program was met with opposition from landowners, industrialists, and the church
- Calles was willing to embrace social revolution
- His domestic policies were often strong-willed and lacked compromise
- He relied heavily on the military to control revolutionary factions
- Political prisoners increased and many "committed suicide"
Calles's Domestic Program
- Calles was viewed as anti-clerical by landowners, foreign interests, and church leaders
- Faced concerns regarding property rights, wages, and church influence
- Calles believed social revolution was inevitable
- His firm stance contrasted with his predecessor's cautious approach
- Calles directly addressed religious and social unrest, and political foes were aggressively dealt with
- Used the army to repress opposition effectively
- Increased numbers of political prisoners, and a rise in "committed suicides"
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