Chapter 1 - Managing and Organisations
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Questions and Answers

What is one primary reason for organizations to collaborate with others?

  • To generate maximum profits exclusively for shareholders
  • To minimize the influence of customer feedback
  • To reach a stability that would otherwise not be possible (correct)
  • To increase competition among businesses
  • How does branding primarily benefit an organization?

  • By minimizing the need for communication with stakeholders
  • By establishing an identity and a connection with customers (correct)
  • By creating unlimited choices for customers
  • By solely focusing on product design and functionality
  • What is a potential downside of forcing all employees to use one communication style?

  • It simplifies the communication process across the organization
  • It could enhance creativity and innovation
  • It supports the idea of polyphonic communication
  • It may lead to monotonic communication and hinder creativity (correct)
  • What does meta-communication primarily focus on?

    <p>Managing how messages are projected and received (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the concept of a boundary spanner in an organization?

    <p>A representative that communicates organizational goals externally (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes polyphonic communication?

    <p>It allows for multiple perspectives to enhance organizational creativity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'knowledge' refer to in this context?

    <p>A stock of ideas and understandings of various phenomena (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes reciprocity in organizational collaboration?

    <p>A mutually beneficial collaboration that improves outcomes for both parties (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does factor analysis primarily aim to identify?

    <p>Underlying factors from inter-correlation coefficients (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following traits is associated with the Big 5 dimension of openness?

    <p>Creative vs practical (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the concept of reciprocal determinism?

    <p>The interaction of behavior, thoughts, and feelings with the environment (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes internal locus of control from external locus of control?

    <p>Belief in fate versus taking charge of one's life (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary focus of positive psychology?

    <p>Leading the best possible life through positivity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can focalism negatively affect decision-making?

    <p>By causing overemphasis on the first piece of information received (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the essence of authority within an organization?

    <p>Gaining legitimacy through obedience to commands (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary significance of the #MeToo movement in organizational contexts?

    <p>Highlighting the separation between public and private spheres (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an essential characteristic of a team that replaces a supervisor?

    <p>The team acts on gathered information and takes accountability. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which decision-making scenario exemplifies programmed decisions?

    <p>A manager approving a vacation request based on company policy. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term refers to the limitations in decision-making that must be acknowledged?

    <p>Bounded rationality (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which approach represents the concept of muddling through in decision making?

    <p>Identifying a simple issue and exploring its underlying complexity. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the focus of positive ethical power in the context of organizational change?

    <p>Collaborating with stakeholders to identify goals and influences. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which option best describes non-programmed decisions?

    <p>Complex and novel problems that lack precedents. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is meant by incremental decision-making?

    <p>Approaching problems in small, manageable steps. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to self-regulated behavior in the context of COVID-19?

    <p>It has decreased significantly during this period. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first step in the change process described in the unfreezing, moving, and freezing model?

    <p>Unfreezing the current state (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of change is characterized by growth or aging processes?

    <p>Life cycle change (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What component of the 5M framework emphasizes the importance of engaging important stakeholders?

    <p>Mobilizing (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which practice is likely to destroy an organization according to the sustaining routines content?

    <p>Conducting daily checks on employees' work (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does corporate social responsibility (CSR) entail?

    <p>Exceeding legal obligations to stakeholders (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement reflects the notion that equilibrium in an organization can lead to stagnation?

    <p>Equilibrium equals death. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of dialectical change?

    <p>Change that occurs through social conflict (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following options would likely NOT help in generating systemic change?

    <p>Maintaining rigid boundaries between roles (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) primarily aim to improve?

    <p>Quality of life for employees and communities (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At which level of analysis does an organization consider the legal accountability of its actions?

    <p>Organizational level (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to neoclassical economists, what is the primary obligation of a business?

    <p>To maximize profits for shareholders (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who can be considered a relevant stakeholder in an organization's activities?

    <p>People affected by the organization’s actions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect does ‘thinking paradoxically’ in CSR emphasize?

    <p>Long-term sustainable innovation over short-term profit (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which countries is corporatism and the rhetoric of CSR increasingly seen as mandatory?

    <p>Austria and Germany (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stakeholder group is likely to have the most immediate impact on a business's day-to-day operations?

    <p>Current investors and stock market analysts (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of CSR as it relates to sustainable development goals?

    <p>Voluntary improvement of economic practices (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the concept of the 'triple bottom line' in CSR?

    <p>Balancing profits with ethical responsibilities towards people and the planet. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect is NOT included in the factors for a successful green learning organization?

    <p>Promoting employee wellness programs. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are animals and plants considered stakeholders in CSR?

    <p>They have moral interests that organizations are responsible for. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does corporate greening primarily involve?

    <p>Adopting environmentally friendly principles across various business aspects. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following represents a misconception about stakeholder management?

    <p>It includes only human stakeholders. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an essential component of nurturing ecological wisdom within organizations?

    <p>Understanding the interconnectedness of life and sustainability. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a focus of building green learning organizations?

    <p>Passive learning environments for employees. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary goal of stakeholder management in CSR?

    <p>To manage divergent interests effectively. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Factor Analysis

    A statistical method to understand how different variables are related.

    Big 5: Emotional Stability

    A personality trait, where calm and secure is on one end, and anxious and insecure is on the other.

    Reciprocal Determinism

    Personality is influenced by our actions, thoughts, feelings, and surroundings.

    Locus of Control

    Belief about whether you control your destiny (internal) or if outside forces do (external).

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    Growth/Self-Actualisation

    Desire to become the best version of yourself by being honest, accepting, and empathetic.

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    Positive Psychology

    Focuses on leading a happy and fulfilling life through positive thoughts and actions.

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    Organizational Politics

    Relationships and power struggles within organizations.

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    Authority

    The legitimate right to give commands and expect obedience.

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    Decentralized Management

    Shifting management responsibility from a single supervisor to a team of 10-15 people who collectively guide work and handle accountability.

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    Value-Based Vision

    Management approach emphasizing shared goals and purpose rather than relying solely on rules and authority.

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    Self-Regulation

    The ability to control one's actions and behaviors, particularly when not externally supervised or mandated.

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    Bounded Rationality

    Making decisions with limited information and time constraints, recognizing there might be better options but seeking satisfactory solutions instead of optimal ones.

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    Programmed Decisions

    Decisions with established procedures or rules that guide the outcome.

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    Non-Programmed Decisions

    Unfamiliar, intricate decisions without clear solutions or established procedures.

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    Incremental Decisions

    Making decisions through small, gradual steps to reach a larger goal; easier to retrace if needed.

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    Muddling Through

    A decision-making process where initial solutions and difficulties are examined to understand and address more complex issues.

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    Collaboration Reasons

    Reasons organizations work together, including legal requirements, unequal power dynamics, mutual benefit, efficiency gains, stability, and legitimacy.

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    Stakeholder Communication

    Interaction between an organization and important external groups like media, communities, labor, and politicians.

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    Branding

    An organization's image created through design, behavior, and its products. It's the picture they paint.

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    Polyphonic Communication

    Many voices and different perspectives being considered, leading to more creative ideas.

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    Meta-communication

    Focus on HOW a message is conveyed, just as important as the message itself.

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    Boundary Spanner

    A person who represents the organization to the outside world and brings in relevant information.

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    Knowledge (management)

    A collection of ideas, meanings, and explanations of how things relate.

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    Organizational Knowledge

    The sum total of an organization's understanding and ideas.

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    4 types of change

    Life cycle, dialectical, evolutionary, and teleological changes.

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    Unfreezing, moving, freezing (change)

    3 steps in managing change: preparing for change, implementing change, and stabilizing new approaches.

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    5M framework (Badhman)

    Mindfulness, mobilization, mapping, masks, mirrors are important aspects of change management.

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    Framing innovation

    Innovation requires a dynamic process, not one that's static and stuck.

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    Destroying routines

    Actions and mindsets that can stall organizational growth and innovation.

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    Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR)

    Companies exceeding legal obligations to care for stakeholders.

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    Scaling Solutions

    Methods for expanding the reach or impact of products or services

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    Systemic Change

    Significant shifts in large-scale societal norms or structures, driven by social movements.

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    CSR

    A voluntary commitment by companies to sustainable economic development, aiming to improve the lives of employees, communities, and society.

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    3 Levels of CSR Analysis

    CSR can be understood from three perspectives: institutional (societal expectations), organizational (legal accountability), and individual (managerial ethics).

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    Neoclassical Economic View on CSR

    The idea that businesses have no obligation to society beyond maximizing profits, rejecting CSR as irrelevant.

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    Stakeholder

    Anyone with an interest in a company's activities, including owners, employees, customers, and the community.

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    Relevance of Stakeholders

    Stakeholders are considered relevant based on their impact on the company's current and future operations, especially those with immediate influence.

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    Interpreting CSR

    CSR can involve taking calculated risks by investing in innovations that may not be immediately profitable but contribute to sustainability.

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    Corporatism (Social Partnership)

    A model where governments encourage cooperation among stakeholders, leading to a greater emphasis on CSR practices.

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    CSR Becoming a 'Law'

    In some countries, CSR practices are increasingly seen as a legal obligation, especially in countries like Austria and Germany.

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    Triple Bottom Line

    A framework that considers the sustainability of profits, people, and the planet as equally important factors for a successful business.

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    Stakeholder Management

    The process of identifying and managing the interests of various stakeholders, including shareholders, employees, customers, and the community.

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    Corporate Greening

    Adopting environmentally friendly practices and principles throughout all aspects of a business, promoting sustainable production and minimizing environmental impact.

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    Lifelong Learning

    A crucial factor for successful green learning organizations, where continuous learning and adaptation are encouraged.

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    Critical Thinking Skills

    Employees critically analyze current practices, propose innovative ideas for improvement, and contribute to sustainable solutions.

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    Citizenship Capabilities

    Employees are not just workers, they are responsible citizens who contribute to a better environment beyond work duties.

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    Environmental Literacy

    Understanding environmental problems, causes, consequences, and solutions to promote informed action.

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    Ecological Wisdom

    Respect for the interconnectedness of life, ethical and sustainable behavior, and responsible actions towards the environment.

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    Study Notes

    Chapter 1 - Managing and Organisations

    • Organisations are purposive, goal-oriented instruments designed to achieve specific objectives
    • Managing involves leading to achieve organisational objectives (missions, visions, etc.)
    • Sensemaking (SM) is a process where individuals and groups create meaning, especially for novel events. It involves ongoing, retrospective examination, plausibility, use of images, rationalization, and acknowledging the role of people
    • Framing involves selecting relevant information and making sense of it. Leaders frame the sense-making of others to recruit and enroll them.
    • Sensebreaking occurs when members disrupt existing sense-making and propose alternatives.
    • Sensegiving aims to influence the sense-making of others, framing perceptions to align with a preferred perspective. Emotional responses are important for sense-giving.
    • Managerialism is the belief that managerial competence justifies decision-making power conferred through education.

    Chapter 2 - Managing Individuals

    • Organisational behaviour (OB) studies human behaviour in organisations, encompassing a group, organisational and individual level of analysis.
    • Nature vs. Nurture debate examines the relative influence of genetics (nature) and environment (nurture) on behaviour.
    • Selfish gene/Survival of the fittest theory proposes that competition is fundamental to survival.
    • Perception is the process of receiving, attending to, processing, storing, and using stimuli to understand and make sense of the world. Perception can be influenced by schemas.
    • Schemas are cognitive frameworks that aid interpretation of stimuli. Examples are person, self, script, social and role schemas. Perception can be influenced by prior expectations and experiences.
    • Values are guiding principles in people's lives.

    Chapter 7 - Managing Power, Politics and Decision-Making

    • Organisational politics is the network of power relations within an organisation.
    • Power is a chance to realise one's will against resistance. It's most effective when it isn't overtly apparent, and uncertainty is a source of power.
    • Authority is legitimate power conferred by individuals in positions of trust and higher status.
    • Legitimacy is the widespread belief that something is just and valid.
    • Resistance is challenging or changing existing societal relations.
    • Management of meaning is about establishing legitimacy, through initiative actions and delegitimizing opposition.
    • Strategic contingencies theory highlights the importance of tasks for power and decision-making, with leaders required to have certain personal attributes.

    Chapter 8 - Managing Communications

    • Communication involves the exchange of ideas, emotions, messages, stories, and information through different methods.
    • Cybernetics focuses on the study of feedback and other communication mechanisms.

    Chapter 9 - Managing Knowledge and Learning

    • Knowledge management involves managing knowledge (know-how and know-why) to meet existing and future needs.
    • Organisational learning is the process of detection and correction of errors and the acquisition of knowledge and capabilities. Sources of knowledge can be learning by doing, stories, and research.
    • Knowledge exploitation focuses on making existing knowledge more efficient and effective.
    • Knowledge exploration involves creativity, accident, randomness, chance and risk-taking.
    • Atrophy is the decrease in activity or productivity in an organisation.

    Chapter 10 - Managing Innovation and Change

    • Innovation is the implementation of new or improved products, services, or practices.
    • Innovation process has stages from initiation, development, implementation and scaling.
    • Leading innovation is led by sponsors, mentors, critics and leaders.
    • Openness and external sources are important for innovation, trusting external sources as well as internal ones.
    • Collaborations can be used for innovation
    • Technology paradigms/Innovator's dilemma are aspects to be considered as innovations are brought to market in different technological markets.
    • Disruptive innovation means a simpler and cheaper product for a market that does not offer sufficient profit/margin for an incumbent firm
    • Social innovation is innovative solutions to social challenges, considered as balancing social and technological factors.

    Chapter 11 - Managing Ethically and Sustainably

    • Corporate social responsibility (CSR) is the voluntary commitment to sustainable economic development on the part of an organisation.
    • 3 levels of analysis in CSR are institutional, organisational and individual level
    • Neoclassical economists (Friedman) argue that business's primary responsibility is to its shareholders.
    • Stakeholders are those who have an interest in an organisation's actions.
    • Relevance stakeholders have varying relevance to the company, short or long term.
    • Interpretation of CSR is a way of understanding CSR, involving thinking paradoxically.
    • Corporatism (social partnership) occurs when the state encourages cooperation between stakeholders.
    • Focuses on CSR to be sustainable in areas of profit, people and the planet.
    • Stakeholders & non-humans need to be considered when deciding the ethical behaviour or direction of an organisation.

    Chapter 12 - Managing Organisational Design

    • Direct management control involves combining ownership and knowledge to manage labourers effectively.
    • Panoptical principle is control through surveillance based on the perception of being watched.
    • Early modern management is based on efficiency and worker control.
    • Limited liability separates personal and business assets.
    • Internal contracting is when work is contracted out with a business rather than employed directly.
    • Scientific management improves efficiency through worker specialization, task-based work and training.
    • Taylor's 4 principles improve efficiency in work through the scientific analysis of motion and task allocation
    • Bureaucracy: a form of organization characterised by hierarchical structure, clear rules, and division of labour.
    • Rational-legal principles in bureaucracy based on authority and are based on legitimate rules.
    • Weber's three main principles are charismatic, traditional and rational-legal.
    • Critiques of bureaucracy suggests bureaucratic organisations are too rigid and can impede innovation.
    • Praise for bureaucracy suggests these characteristics can give predictability and structure to an organisation.

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    This quiz explores key concepts within Chapter 1 of Managing and Organisations, including the roles of sensemaking, framing, and sensegiving in organizational leadership. Understand how managers influence perceptions and decisions within their organizations to achieve specific aims. Test your knowledge on these essential managerial principles!

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