Chapter 1: Classification of Materials Flashcards
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Questions and Answers

Solid materials can be divided into which three categories?

  • Polymers (correct)
  • Composites
  • Ceramics (correct)
  • Metals (correct)

    • Define composite.

    Engineered combination of two or more different materials.

    Define advanced materials.

    Materials used in high-technology applications such as semiconductors, biomaterials, smart materials, and nanoengineered materials.

    Metals are composed of...

    <p>One or more metallic elements and very small amounts of nonmetallic elements.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Define ductile.

    <p>Capable of large amounts of deformation without fracture.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are nonlocalized electrons?

    <p>Electrons that are not bound to particular atoms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are ceramics?

    <p>Compound between metallic and nonmetallic elements; they are most frequently oxides, nitrides, and carbides.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are traditional ceramics?

    <p>Those composed of clay minerals (e.g., porcelain), as well as cement and glass.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the advantages of ceramics?

    <p>It has insulating properties for the passage of heat and electricity and is more resistant to high temperatures and harsh environments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are polymers?

    <p>Plastic and rubber materials.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In general, polymers tend to be...

    <p>Inert chemically and unreactive in a large number of environments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    One major drawback for polymers is...

    <p>Their tendency to soften and/or decompose at modest temperatures with low electrical conductivities and are nonmagnetic.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Define a composite.

    <p>Composed of two (or more) individual materials that come from the categories - metals, ceramics, polymers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the design goal of a composite?

    <p>To achieve a combination of properties that is not displayed by any single material and to incorporate the best characteristics of each of the component materials.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Examples of composites include...

    <p>Fiberglass (human-made), wood, and bone.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Carbon fiber-reinforced polymers are an example of...

    <p>Composites.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Define advanced materials.

    <p>Materials utilized in high-technology applications.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Define high technology.

    <p>A device or product that operates or functions using relatively intricate and sophisticated principles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Define materials of the future.

    <p>Smart materials and nanoengineered materials.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Define biomaterials and what can be considered a biomaterial.

    <p>Components implanted in a human body and such components can be metals, ceramics, polymers, semiconductors, and composites.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the components of a smart material that makes it 'smart'?

    <p>A sensor (which detects an input signal) and an actuator (which performs responsive and adaptive function).</p> Signup and view all the answers

    List four types of materials used for actuators.

    <p>Shape-memory alloys, piezoelectric ceramics, magnetostrictive materials, and electrorheological/magnetorheological fluids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are electrorheological/magnetorheological fluids?

    <p>Liquids that experience dramatic changes in viscosity upon the application of electric and magnetic fields.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the four basic types of nanomaterials?

    <p>Metals, ceramics, polymers, or composites.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is a nanomaterial distinguished?

    <p>On the basis of its size.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the bottom-up approach?

    <p>The ability to arrange atoms to develop mechanical, electrical, magnetic, and other properties that aren't possible.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The deformation of objects in the nano-scale derive from what?

    <p>The effects of quantum mechanics, whereas others are related to surface phenomena.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Define surface phenomena.

    <p>The proportion of atoms located on surface sites of a particle increases dramatically as its size decreases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Classification of Materials

    • Solid materials are categorized into three primary types: metals, ceramics, and polymers.
    • Composites are engineered combinations of two or more different materials, enhancing properties beyond individual components.
    • Advanced materials are utilized in high-tech applications, including semiconductors, biomaterials, smart materials, and nanoengineered materials.

    Properties of Metals

    • Metals consist of one or more metallic elements with minor nonmetallic elements.
    • Ductility refers to a material's ability to undergo significant deformation without fracturing.
    • Nonlocalized electrons in metals are not bound to specific atoms, contributing to their electrical conductivity.

    Understanding Ceramics

    • Ceramics are compounds formed between metallic and nonmetallic elements, primarily oxides, nitrides, and carbides (e.g., aluminum oxide Al2O3).
    • Traditional ceramics include materials like porcelain, cement, and glass made from clay minerals.
    • Advantages of ceramics include heat and electrical insulation, high-temperature resistance, and durability in harsh environments.

    Insights on Polymers

    • Polymers encompass plastic and rubber materials, often chemically inert and unreactive in various environments.
    • A major drawback of polymers is their susceptibility to softening and decomposition at moderate temperatures, alongside low electrical conductivity and nonmagnetic properties.

    Composites and Their Design Goals

    • Composites combine two or more materials from different categories (metals, ceramics, polymers) to achieve superior properties.
    • The design goal of composites is to amalgamate beneficial characteristics of individual materials while introducing new advantageous properties.
    • Examples of composites include fiberglass (synthetic), wood, and bone.

    Advanced and Smart Materials

    • Advanced materials are key in high-technology fields, often featuring complex functioning principles.
    • Smart materials possess sensors that detect input signals and actuators that respond adaptively to changes.
    • Biomaterials are components used in medical applications, which can comprise metals, ceramics, polymers, and composites.

    Nanomaterials and Their Characteristics

    • Nanomaterials can be classified into four basic types: metals, ceramics, polymers, and composites.
    • Distinguishing features of nanomaterials depend on their size, influencing their mechanical, electrical, and magnetic properties.
    • The bottom-up approach focuses on arranging atoms to produce unique properties, contrasting with the top-down approach.

    Deformation and Surface Phenomena

    • Nanoscale deformation is influenced by quantum mechanics and surface phenomena, where surface atom proportions increase dramatically as particle size decreases.
    • Surface phenomena significantly affect properties and behaviors of materials at the nano-level due to the changing ratio of surface atoms.

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    Test your knowledge on the classification of materials with these flashcards. Dive into categories like metals, ceramics, and polymers, as well as advanced materials used in technology. Perfect for students looking to strengthen their understanding of material science.

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