Changing Canadian Families
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Questions and Answers

What is endogamy?

  • Marrying someone from a similar geographical area
  • Marrying someone of the same ethnic, religious, or cultural group (correct)
  • Marrying someone of a different ethnic or cultural group
  • Marrying someone outside one's own ethnic, religious, or cultural group

    • Which of the following best describes the trend in ethno-cultural marriage patterns in Canada?

  • Inter-ethnic marriages are becoming increasingly common among Canadians. (correct)
  • Exogamy is illegal in most provinces of Canada.
  • Most ethnic groups strictly adhere to endogamy without exception.
  • Ethnic communities strictly prohibit any form of exogamy.

    • What challenges did Indigenous families face in the early 20th century?

  • Access to food rations was dependent on family size
  • Encouragement of traditional family structures by the government
  • Residential schools aimed to protect Indigenous children from their parents (correct)
  • Support from the government for Indigenous family unity

    • Which of the following best illustrates segregated conjugal roles?

    <p>Only one partner, typically the man, handles financial responsibilities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What historical policy impacted family life for racialized minorities in Canada?

    <p>Imposing a head tax on Chinese and South Asian immigrants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one characteristic of a successful family according to the content?

    <p>They provide emotional support for family members.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which family structure is defined as including parents, children, grandparents, aunts, uncles, and cousins?

    <p>Extended family</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which trend has been observed in Canadian family dynamics?

    <p>The marriage rate is decreasing while cohabitation is rising.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What has been a significant change regarding parental age in Canada?

    <p>More women are having children in their thirties.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following familial forms is characterized by unrelated adults living together?

    <p>Simple household</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How has the trend concerning lone-parent families changed in Canada?

    <p>They are now more frequently reported.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common misconception about family structures in Canada?

    <p>Only traditional structures are prevalent.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What impact do alterations in lived family experiences typically have?

    <p>They often breed social problems and emotional stresses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes 'segregated' conjugal roles according to the Bott hypothesis?

    <p>Tasks, interests, and activities are clearly different.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes 'companionate' relationships?

    <p>Breadwinning and caretaking roles overlap between partners.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major consequence of the 'double burden' faced by married women?

    <p>Women performing more unpaid work at home than men.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Nakhaie, what strategy is essential for correcting gender imbalances in familial roles?

    <p>Gender strategy as described by Arlie Hochschild.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Quebec, which demographic group had the greatest percentage of births to divorced women?

    <p>Single mothers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements reflects a misunderstanding about the value of unpaid work?

    <p>All forms of unpaid work are compensated monetarily.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which best describes the term 'double ghetto' in the context of working women?

    <p>The marginalization of working women both in their jobs and at home.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which trend reflects the highest rates of cohabitation in Quebec?

    <p>37% cohabitation rate overall.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately reflects the trend of conjugal roles among recent immigrants from specific ethnic groups?

    <p>Segregated conjugal roles remain prevalent among certain ethnic groups.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one of the historical government actions that influenced family life for racialized minorities in Canada?

    <p>Implementation of a head tax on Chinese and South Asian immigrants.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the impact of residential schools on Indigenous families in the early 20th century?

    <p>It resulted in significant trauma and disruption of family ties.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor contributes significantly to the practice of endogamy among certain ethnic groups in Canada?

    <p>Desire to maintain cultural, religious, or ethnic identities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the main consequences of the policies enforced by Indian Agents in the early 20th century?

    <p>Withholding of resources that facilitated economic independence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of births in Quebec in 2011 were to single mothers?

    <p>35%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes Bott's joint conjugal roles as characterized by Beaujot?

    <p>Overlapping breadwinning and caretaking responsibilities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the experience of working women being marginalized both at home and in the workplace?

    <p>Double ghetto</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Quebec, which demographic experienced the highest divorce rate among couples married for less than 30 years?

    <p>Couples with children</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which concept describes the division of labor between partners in a relationship as proposed by Bott?

    <p>Complementary roles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What strategy does Nakhaie suggest is crucial for addressing gender imbalances in conjugal roles?

    <p>Gender strategy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical demographic characteristic of households with the highest support for same-sex marriages in Quebec?

    <p>Cohabitating couples</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What has contributed to the emotional and psychological stresses in family experiences over time?

    <p>Changes in societal norms and expectations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which sociological phenomenon is illustrated by married women undertaking more unpaid work than their husbands?

    <p>Second shift</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately reflects a trend concerning child-rearing in modern Canadian families?

    <p>Children are increasingly remaining at home until their thirties</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant shift noted in the definitions of family structures in Canada?

    <p>An increase in recognition of complex households</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what way has the marriage rate in Canada changed in recent years?

    <p>It has decreased alongside a rising cohabitation rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following issues has not been linked to the alterations in family dynamics?

    <p>Greater devotion to traditional family forms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one significant reason for the rise in lone-parent families in Canada?

    <p>Higher divorce rates and changing societal attitudes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect best describes the role families play in society according to the content?

    <p>They are central to both individual and societal identity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following changes is NOT observed in Canadian family structures?

    <p>Increase in traditional nuclear family forms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All families in Canada can be classified strictly as nuclear or extended families.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The rate of marriage in Canada has significantly increased in recent years.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The age at which Canadians are getting married for the first time is decreasing.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    There are more children being born in Canada than in previous decades, maintaining the replacement rate.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Children are generally leaving home at an earlier age in Canada compared to previous generations.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Lone-parent families have become less common in Canadian society over time.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Emotional support for family members is a characteristic of successful families.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cultural values in families are static and do not change over time.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Endogamy is the practice of marrying outside one's ethnic or cultural group.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The treatment of domestic workers from Guadeloupe and Jamaica had no historical impact on family dynamics in Canada.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Policies in early 20th century Canada, such as withholding food rations, were aimed at promoting polygamy among Indigenous families.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Canadian immigrants tend to adopt segregated conjugal roles rather than assimilating to Western practices over time.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The federal government's head tax policy was levied on immigrants solely from Europe during the 19th and 20th centuries.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Quebec, the marriage rate is higher than 5 per 100,000.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Bott hypothesis suggests that all conjugal roles are joint and share tasks equally.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The 'double burden' refers to women managing both paid work and significant unpaid household responsibilities.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Quebec has the highest percentage of births occurring to single fathers.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The concept of companionate roles signifies a return to segregated roles among couples.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The term 'double ghetto' is used to describe the experiences of working women being marginalized both at home and in their professions.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Bott characterized joint conjugal roles as having distinct tasks, interests, and activities among partners.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The highest divorce rate is observed among couples who have been married for over 30 years in Quebec.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Introduction

    • Family plays a significant role in the survival of society.
    • Family connection plays a role in shaping individual and societal identities.
    • Societal changes impact family dynamics and vice versa.
    • Family models have evolved over time.
    • Successful families provide emotional support, care for elders, raise the next generation and are inclusive.

    Family Diversity

    • Nuclear family: a parent or parents and children
    • Extended family: parents, children, grandparents, aunts, uncles, and cousins
    • Simple households: unrelated adults with or without children
    • Complex households: two or more related adults who are not married but could potentially live separately.

    Changing Canadian Families

    • The marriage rate is decreasing while the cohabitation rate is increasing.
    • The age of first marriage is increasing.
    • Divorces rates are increasing but the percentage is decreasing.
    • More women are having children in their thirties.
    • The number of children per family is below the "replacement rate".
    • As many couples without children as with.
    • Children are leaving home at a later age.
    • Lone-parent families are increasing.
    • More people are living alone.

    Quebec Family Statistics

    • Quebec has the highest cohabitation rate (37%).
    • Quebec has the lowest marriage rate (2.9 per 100,000).
    • Quebec has the highest divorce rate (69.2 per cent per 100 marriages).
    • Quebec has the highest number of divorces for couples married less than 30 years (61 per 100 marriages).
    • Quebec has the highest number of births to single mothers.
    • Quebec has the highest percentage of births to divorce women.
    • Quebec has the highest support for same-sex marriages.

    Conjugal Roles

    • Conjugal roles: are distinctive husband and wife roles that result from the division of labor within the family.
    • Segregated conjugal roles: tasks, interests, and activities are different between husband and wife.
    • Joint conjugal roles: many tasks, interests, and activities are shared between husband and wife.

    Changes in Conjugal Roles

    • Beaujot argues we moved from complementary to companionate relationships.
    • Complementary roles (segregated) are where men are the breadwinners and women are primarily responsible for childcare and housework.
    • Companionate roles (joint) are where breadwinning and caretaking roles overlap.

    The Value of Unpaid Work

    • The move to companionate roles is not complete.
    • Married women, especially with young children, perform more unpaid work at home than married men.
    • This creates an imbalance in conjugal roles where women experience a "double burden" or "second shift".
    • The double ghetto describes the marginalization of working women inside and outside of the home.

    Gender Strategy

    • To correct gender imbalances, Arlie Hochschild proposes gender strategy, where individuals plan actions based on cultural notions of gender.
    • Childcare responsibilities encourage occupational segregation.
    • Women choose more flexible occupations that accommodate childcare interruptions.

    Ethnic Factor in Conjugal Roles

    • In some ethnic groups, recent immigrants adhere to segregated conjugal roles.
    • Immigrants often assimilate and adopt Western approaches.
    • Ethnic factors should be considered in any study of gender roles.

    Marrying "In" and Marrying "Out"

    • Endogamy: marrying someone of the same ethnic, religious, or cultural group.
    • Exogamy: marrying outside one’s group.
    • Some ethnic groups practice endogamy (South Asians, Chinese).
    • Canadians are becoming more open to inter-ethnic marriages (Japanese).

    Family and Ethnicity

    • The federal government has created policies that have deprived racialized minorities of families.
    • Expensive head taxes have been levied on immigrants from China and South Asia.
    • Domestic workers have been mistreated.

    Attacks on the Indigenous Family

    • During the early 20th century, Indian Agents withheld food rations to enforce monogamy.
    • Residential schools were created to keep Indigenous children away from the influence of their families.
    • Indigenous children experienced physical, emotional and sexual abuse at residential schools.

    Introduction

    • Family is crucial to the survival of individuals and societies
    • There is a close relationship between societal and familial changes
    • Families have always played a critical role in social formation, political and economic systems
    • Different models of family have existed throughout history, including extended families and nuclear families
    • Typical successful families provide emotional support, care for elders, raise children and are inclusive

    Diverse Family Structures

    • Nuclear Family: Consists of parents and their children
    • Extended Family: Includes parents, children, and extended relatives
    • Simple Households: Unrelated adults with or without children
    • Complex Households: Two or more related adults who are not married but live together
    • The "average" Canadian family is diverse and constantly evolving

    Changing Canadian Families

    • There is a decreasing marriage rate and an increasing cohabitation rate
    • First marriage age is rising
    • Divorce rates are increasing, but the rate is falling
    • More women are having children in their thirties
    • The number of children per family is below the replacement rate
    • There are almost as many couples without children as with children
    • Children are leaving home at a later age
    • There are more lone-parent families
    • More people are living alone

    Quebec Families

    • Quebec families are distinct from other Canadian families
    • Quebec has the highest cohabitation rate and the lowest marriage rate
    • Quebec has the highest divorce rate, especially for couples married less than 30 years
    • In 2011 Quebec had the greatest number of births to single mothers and divorce women
    • Quebec has the greatest support for same-sex marriages

    Conjugal Roles

    • Conjugal roles are the distinct roles of the husband and wife that result from the division of labor within the family
    • Segregated roles divide tasks, interests, and activities clearly between husband and wife
    • Joint roles involve shared tasks, interests, and activities
    • Elizabeth Bott characterized conjugal roles in 1957

    Earning and Caring

    • Beaujot (2000) argued that we moved from complementary to companionate relationships
    • Complementary roles are segregated, with men primarily as earners and women primarily in unpaid carework
    • Companionate roles are joint, with overlapping breadwinning and caretaking roles
    • The real value of unpaid work is often underestimated

    Earning and Caring: Changes in Conjugal Roles, cont'd

    • Despite the move towards companionate roles, married women, especially those with young children, still do more unpaid work at home
    • This creates an imbalance in conjugal roles, with women taking on a "double burden" or "second shift"
    • The double ghetto describes the marginalization of working women both inside and outside the home
    • Gender strategy, as described by Arlie Hochschild, is essential for correcting gender imbalances
    • Childcare responsibilities encourage occupational segregation, with women choosing flexible occupations that allow for childcare-related work interruptions

    The Ethnic Factor in Conjugal Roles

    • Segregated conjugal roles are prevalent among recent immigrants from some ethnic groups, such as South Asian immigrants
    • However, immigrants often gradually assimilate and adopt Western approaches
    • It is necessary to consider the ethnic factor in any study of gender roles within Canadian families

    Marrying "In" and Marrying "Out"

    • Endogamy refers to marrying someone within the same ethnic, religious, or cultural group
    • Exogamy refers to marrying outside one's group
    • Some ethnic groups, including South Asian and Chinese communities, have strong traditions of endogamy
    • However, Canadians are becoming increasingly comfortable with interethnic marriages

    Family and Ethnicity

    • The Canadian federal government has created policies that have historically deprived racialized minorities of family
    • Historically, there have been discriminatory policies against immigrants from China and South Asia, including a head tax
    • Domestic workers from Guadeloupe and Jamaica faced discriminatory treatment

    Attacks on the Indigenous Family

    • Throughout the early 20th century, Indian Agents withheld food rations to enforce monogamy among Indigenous communities
    • Residential schools were created to separate Indigenous children from their parents and communities
    • Indigenous children experienced physical, emotional, and sexual abuse at the hands of school officials

    Introduction

    • Families are core to survival in Canada and beyond
    • Families are a source of significant relationships
    • Families play a central role in societal formation, political and economic systems, and culture
    • Families are vital to individual, social, and national identities
    • Alterations in family experiences can lead to various social issues, including emotional and psychological stresses
    • Families exist in many forms

    Model of Canadian Families

    • Traditional model of Canadian families include stem/extended families and Euro-Canadian nuclear families
    • New forms of families have emerged over time
    • Successful families provide emotional support, care for elders, raise the next generation, and are inclusive

    Family Diversity

    • Nuclear family: Includes parents and children
    • Extended family: Includes parents, children, grandparents, aunts, uncles, and cousins
    • Simple households: Unrelated adults with or without children
    • Complex households: Two or more adults who are related but not married and live together

    Changing Canadian Families

    • Decreasing marriage rate & rising cohabitation rate
    • Age of first marriage is rising
    • Overall increase in divorces, but the divorce rate is falling
    • More women are having children in their thirties
    • Drop in the number of children per family below the “replacement rate”
    • Nearly as many couples without children as with children
    • Children are leaving home at a later age
    • More lone-parent families
    • Increased number of people living alone

    Family in Quebec

    • Quebec families are distinct from families in other parts of Canada
    • Quebec has the highest cohabitation rate, the lowest marriage rate, and the highest divorce rate in the country
    • Highest number of divorces among couples married less than 30 years

    Conjugal Roles

    • Conjugal (or marital) roles: Distinctive roles of husband and wife resulting from division of labor within the family
    • Bott Hypothesis: Elizabeth Bott (1957) categorized conjugal roles as:
      • Segregated: Tasks, interests, and activities are clearly different, with distinct roles for men and women.
      • Joint: Tasks, interests, and activities are shared by both partners, with more equal roles.

    Earning and Caring: Changes in Conjugal Roles

    • Beaujot (2000) argued that Canada moved from complementary to companionate relationships:
      • Complementary roles (Bott’s segregated roles): Men were primarily earners while women were involved in unpaid childcare and housework.
      • Companionate roles (Bott’s joint roles): Breadwinning and caretaking roles overlapped with greater shared responsibility.

    Earning and Caring: Changes in Conjugal Roles, cont’d

    • Value of unpaid work is significant
    • Married women, particularly those with young children, still perform more unpaid work at home than married men.
    • "Double burden" or "second shift": Women take on the responsibilities of work and unpaid household labor.
    • The double ghetto describes the marginalization of working women both inside and outside the home.

    Earning and Caring: Changes in Conjugal Roles, cont’d

    • Gender strategy (Arlie Hochschild): Plan of action individuals use to solve problems based on cultural notions of gender.
    • Childcare responsibilities encourage occupational segregation, leading women to choose occupations with flexibility for childcare-related interruptions.

    The Ethnic Factor in Conjugal Roles

    • Segregated conjugal roles are dominant among recent immigrants from some ethnic groups, such as South Asian immigrants.
    • However, immigrants often assimilate and adopt Western approaches to conjugal roles.
    • Ethnic factors must be considered in any study of gender roles in the Canadian family.

    Marrying "In" and Marrying "Out"

    • Endogamy: Marrying someone from the same ethnic, religious, or cultural group.
    • Exogamy: Marrying outside one's group.
    • Certain ethnic groups, such as South Asians and Chinese, have a strong tradition of endogamy.
    • Canadians are becoming increasingly comfortable with inter-ethnic marriages.

    Family and Ethnicity

    • Federal government policies have historically aimed to deprive racialized minorities of family structures:
      • Expensive head tax levied on immigrants from China and South Asia (19th and 20th century)
      • Treatment of domestic workers (Guadeloupe, Jamaica)

    Attacks on the Indigenous Family

    • During the early 20th century, Indian Agents withheld food rations to enforce monogamy among Indigenous communities.
    • Residential schools were established to separate Indigenous children from their families and communities.
      • Children endured physical, emotional, and sexual abuse at the hands of school officials.

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