Podcast
Questions and Answers
ADAPTATION is defined as an ongoing process of ______ whereby individuals retain their integrity.
ADAPTATION is defined as an ongoing process of ______ whereby individuals retain their integrity.
change
The assumptions are that individuals continuously defend their ______.
The assumptions are that individuals continuously defend their ______.
wholeness
WHOLENESS exists when the interactions permit the assurance of ______.
WHOLENESS exists when the interactions permit the assurance of ______.
integrity
Caring and self-care are examples of ______.
Caring and self-care are examples of ______.
The environment includes factors that affect individuals both internally and ______.
The environment includes factors that affect individuals both internally and ______.
Health is defined as a state of complete physical, mental, and ______.
Health is defined as a state of complete physical, mental, and ______.
Nursing is central to all nursing theories and describes how nurses ______ with clients.
Nursing is central to all nursing theories and describes how nurses ______ with clients.
Individuals, families, and communities are referred to as ______ in nursing.
Individuals, families, and communities are referred to as ______ in nursing.
The conservation model emphasizes the use of ______ principles to promote wholeness.
The conservation model emphasizes the use of ______ principles to promote wholeness.
Problems such as ______ and anxiety are considered internal factors affecting health.
Problems such as ______ and anxiety are considered internal factors affecting health.
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Study Notes
Driving and Restraining Forces
- Driving forces push for change, leading to transformation in behavior or systems.
- Restraining forces counteract driving forces, impeding change.
- Equilibrium occurs when driving and restraining forces are balanced, resulting in no change.
Stages of Change Theory
- Unfreezing:
- Involves letting go of unproductive patterns.
- Can be achieved by increasing driving forces, decreasing restraining forces, or a combination of both.
- Change Stage:
- Movement towards a more productive level in thoughts, feelings, and behaviors.
- Refreezing:
- Establishing new habits so that they become the standard operating procedure.
Major Assumptions of Change
- Individuals experience growth and change throughout life.
- Change is a frequent occurrence in daily life.
- Reactions to change are influenced by fundamental human needs.
- Change typically involves modification or alteration of existing patterns.
Growth and Development
- Developmental theories highlight the addition of new skills (growth) and refinement of existing skills (development) across the lifespan.
Gross Motor Development (Cephalocaudal)
- Key milestones include:
- 1 month: Head lag observed.
- 3 months: Lifting head and chest.
- 5 months: Rolling over (fall risk).
- 9 months: Sitting without support and crawling.
- 12 months: Standing with support and cruising.
- 15 months: Walking without support and beginning to jump by 17 months.
- 3 years: Running and riding a tricycle.
Fine Motor Development
- Key milestones include:
- 1-3 months: Grasp reflex.
- 5 months: Grasping and holding objects.
- 9 months: Near pincer grasp; risk for choking on small objects.
- 12 months: Throwing balls.
- 2 to 6 years: Progressing from drawing lines to complex shapes.
Language Development
- Key milestones include:
- 1-2 months: Crying and vocalizations.
- 3 months: Cooing.
- 7 months: Loud crying.
- 9 months: Basic vocabulary (mama, papa).
- 12 months: Additional words based on maternal influence.
Change Theory (Kurt Lewin)
- Major Concepts:
- Adaptation involves responding to environmental changes while maintaining integrity.
- Wholeness encompasses the idea of defending one's life system and integrity.
Definitions and Phenomena
- Definitions within a theoretical context provide clarity on concepts.
- Notable phenomena in nursing include caring, self-care, and client responses to stress.
Major Concepts in Nursing
- Person: Recipients of nursing care including individuals and communities.
- Environment: Influential internal (mental health) and external (living conditions) factors.
- Health: Defined as a complete state of well-being, beyond mere absence of disease.
- Nursing: Central to nursing theories, encompassing actions and interactions of nurses with clients.
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