Change and Development in Industrial Society

A sector with few secure jobs, limited benefits, and reliance on children for old age support. Workers often lack union representation and protections, leaving them vulnerable to employer whims.

Employment with established rules, transparent recruitment, and mechanisms for employee complaints. Often associated with unions and collective bargaining.

Government jobs help overcome social divides by employing people from diverse backgrounds, encouraging unity and reducing potential social tensions in certain regions, but they are extremely prevalent which can lead to the need for many.

Key sectors (defence, transport, communication, power, mining) that the Indian government controlled after independence to support overall economic development.

Government controlled specific sectors (e.g., transportation), while others operated by private businesses.

Initial industries focused on cotton, jute, coal mines, and railways before independence.

The government's attempt to spread industries across different regions to reduce economic concentration in major cities (like Bombay, Madras, Calcutta) and promote balanced development.

Government support (e.g., incentives, assistance) for smaller industries (e.g., paper, wood products) to foster local economic growth.

Temporary workers who substitute for regular employees on leave.

A type of employment where workers, though experienced, aren't given the same status and security as permanent employees.

A system where contractors hire casual workers, typically for construction or other similar industries, often involving advance payments that work as an advance on wages.

Agricultural workers tied to their landlords due to debt and social obligations.

Workers who work in industrial jobs without contracts.Often migrate to obtain work.

The role of jobbers in hiring and managing workers has diminished in importance, and management and unions now play a larger part in hiring.

Many workers expect the possibility of passing down their jobs to their children.

Workers who move with their families to find and accept industrial work.

Outsourcing projects often have underestimated project costs and timelines, leading to engineers needing to work more hours than intended.

While theoretically offering employee scheduling flexibility, "flexi-time" often means employees must work longer to complete tasks.

The increasing IT sector raises a debate about whether it improves societal skills overall. Comparing a farmer's knowledge to a software professional highlights this.

Sociologist Harry Braverman argued that relying on machines may reduce the skills needed from workers.

Time zones can lead to conference calls occurring outside of typical U.S. business hours.

In IT hubs, businesses and shops have adjusted schedules, often staying open later, due to extended work hours of employees.

Extended families often help with childcare responsibilities, in contrast to the anticipated trend of nuclear families.

The term "knowledge economy" describes the growth of IT, but the claim of IT improving overall societal skills is not necessarily universally true, and must be critically assessed.

The responsibility of mine management to ensure a safe working environment with proper facilities like water sprinkling and gas testing equipment.

Workers who leave their homes to find employment in other regions, often facing challenges like housing shortages and limited social connections.

Young women who relocate for work, often facing specific vulnerabilities due to being away from family and living in shared housing.

Work done in homes, often by women and children, involving the manufacture of products like lace, zari, and bidis.

The process of making bidis starts in forests with villagers gathering tendu leaves, which are then sold to contractors and ultimately used to make bidis.

A system where workers are paid based on the number of items they produce, common in home-based industries.

Migrant workers often lack social support networks and can be exploited due to their vulnerability.

Migrant work can provide some economic independence for women, allowing them to earn and contribute to their families.

A major labor dispute in India's textile industry that lasted for months, involving demands for better working conditions and pay, and resulting in significant disruptions to production and social unrest.

A prominent labor leader who played a pivotal role in the 1982 textile strike, advocating for the workers' demands and negotiating with the mill owners.

The involvement of criminal gangs (goondas) in the 1982 textile strike, used by some political parties to intimidate workers and disrupt the strike.

The strike was marked by violence, with clashes between striking workers and goondas hired by the mill owners, resulting in injuries and even deaths.

The strike had a devastating impact on the lives of textile workers, many losing their jobs and struggling to survive, resorting to selling their belongings and facing hunger.

The strike also involved rumors of sexual violence against women who continued to work in the mills, illustrating the potential for exploitation and abuse during labor conflicts.

The 1982 textile strike is viewed from different angles: workers saw it as a struggle for dignity and better conditions, while mill owners saw it as a disruption to production.

The use of goondas by political parties during the strike highlights how they can be exploited for political ends, creating chaos and hindering peaceful resolutions to labor disputes.

Workers in Bombay's textile mills went on strike over issues like low wages, poor working conditions, and the use of strike breakers.

Datta Samant emerged as a powerful leader during the Bombay textile strike, rallying workers, negotiating with the government, and representing their interests.

Strike breakers are people hired to replace striking workers, causing a divide amongst workers and weakening their bargaining power.

The mafia took advantage of the unstable situation during the strike to gain control of the labor market, exploiting vulnerable workers and furthering their own interests.

Women textile workers experienced unique challenges, facing discrimination, low wages, and increased vulnerability during the strike.

Workers and families relied on community support, charity, and creative means of earning a living during the strike to meet their basic needs.

Analyzing social composition of a workforce involves understanding the different groups of people within a company based on factors like caste, gender, age, and region.

Liberalisation in India has brought changes to employment patterns, encouraging more flexible work, outsourcing, and job growth in certain sectors, but also job losses in others.