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Questions and Answers
Botrytis is a genus of fungi with approximately 50 species of pathogenic importance.
Botrytis is a genus of fungi with approximately 50 species of pathogenic importance.
False
B. cinerea has been documented to infect over 230 host species belonging to more than 170 plant families.
B. cinerea has been documented to infect over 230 host species belonging to more than 170 plant families.
True
Botrytis species only establish in temperate areas and not in tropical areas.
Botrytis species only establish in temperate areas and not in tropical areas.
False
B. cinerea is classified as the most important plant pathogen globally.
B. cinerea is classified as the most important plant pathogen globally.
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B. cinerea infects grape inflorescences leading to severe pre- and post-harvest losses.
B. cinerea infects grape inflorescences leading to severe pre- and post-harvest losses.
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Trichoderma spp. control Botrytis mainly through the production of antibiotics and lytic enzymes.
Trichoderma spp. control Botrytis mainly through the production of antibiotics and lytic enzymes.
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Ulocladium spp. is effective in controlling Botrytis on strawberries and grapes.
Ulocladium spp. is effective in controlling Botrytis on strawberries and grapes.
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More than 50% of the total market for B. cinerea control is represented by the grapes segment.
More than 50% of the total market for B. cinerea control is represented by the grapes segment.
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B. cinerea is known to develop resistance to only a few synthetic fungicides.
B. cinerea is known to develop resistance to only a few synthetic fungicides.
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Biofungicides are not becoming popular alternatives to synthetic fungicides for plant disease control.
Biofungicides are not becoming popular alternatives to synthetic fungicides for plant disease control.
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U. atrum strains U13 and U16 reduce B. cinerea infection on grapevine leaves when inoculated two days prior
U. atrum strains U13 and U16 reduce B. cinerea infection on grapevine leaves when inoculated two days prior
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Botryzen reduces fruit rot in strawberries and grapes more effectively than the fungicide Switch 25/37.5 WG
Botryzen reduces fruit rot in strawberries and grapes more effectively than the fungicide Switch 25/37.5 WG
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Bacillus subtilis and B. cereus have been investigated for their potential as biocontrol agents against B. cinerea due to their antifungal activity and ability to induce plant resistance
Bacillus subtilis and B. cereus have been investigated for their potential as biocontrol agents against B. cinerea due to their antifungal activity and ability to induce plant resistance
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Kodiak HB and Serenade are both derived from B. subtilis and have been shown to be effective in controlling Botrytis gray mold
Kodiak HB and Serenade are both derived from B. subtilis and have been shown to be effective in controlling Botrytis gray mold
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Gliocladium catenulatum yields the best Botrytis blight control in greenhouse studies and suppresses B. cinerea significantly
Gliocladium catenulatum yields the best Botrytis blight control in greenhouse studies and suppresses B. cinerea significantly
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Botrytis cinerea can only infect mature and senescent tissues of plants.
Botrytis cinerea can only infect mature and senescent tissues of plants.
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Integrated disease management (IDM) for Botrytis diseases includes only cultural techniques and no fungicide application.
Integrated disease management (IDM) for Botrytis diseases includes only cultural techniques and no fungicide application.
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Excessive nitrogen application decreases susceptibility to Botrytis cinerea infections.
Excessive nitrogen application decreases susceptibility to Botrytis cinerea infections.
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Botrytis cinerea can act as an endophyte and cause damage to seemingly healthy crops after harvest.
Botrytis cinerea can act as an endophyte and cause damage to seemingly healthy crops after harvest.
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The cost of heating in greenhouses has led to a decrease in grey mold infections caused by Botrytis cinerea.
The cost of heating in greenhouses has led to a decrease in grey mold infections caused by Botrytis cinerea.
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Biochemical pesticides derived from plant extracts have not been tested for their effectiveness in managing various fungal diseases in plants.
Biochemical pesticides derived from plant extracts have not been tested for their effectiveness in managing various fungal diseases in plants.
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The antifungal activity of Chilean plant extracts against B. cinerea is not attributed to the presence of compounds like veratric, p-hidroxybenzoic, caffeic acid, p-coumaric, and ferulic acids.
The antifungal activity of Chilean plant extracts against B. cinerea is not attributed to the presence of compounds like veratric, p-hidroxybenzoic, caffeic acid, p-coumaric, and ferulic acids.
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Garlic extracts and chitosan-based edible coating in combination with acetonic extract of Salvia fruticose have not shown antifungal activity against B. cinerea.
Garlic extracts and chitosan-based edible coating in combination with acetonic extract of Salvia fruticose have not shown antifungal activity against B. cinerea.
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Commercial products like Milsana and Timorex Gold are not registered for Botrytis control.
Commercial products like Milsana and Timorex Gold are not registered for Botrytis control.
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Essential oils like peppermint, sweet basil, Eupatorium cannabinum, Z. officinale, and Ocimum canum do not have high antifungal activities against B. cinerea.
Essential oils like peppermint, sweet basil, Eupatorium cannabinum, Z. officinale, and Ocimum canum do not have high antifungal activities against B. cinerea.
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Study Notes
- Biochemical pesticides derived from plant extracts and essential oils have been tested for their effectiveness in managing various fungal diseases in plants.
- Antifungal activity of Chilean plant extracts (Ephedra breana and Nolana sedifolia) against B. cinerea was attributed to the presence of compounds like veratric, p-hidroxybenzoic, caffeic acid, p-coumaric, and ferulic acids.
- Garlic extracts and chitosan-based edible coating in combination with acetonic extract of Salvia fruticose have shown antifungal activity against B. cinerea.
- Commercial products like Milsana (from giant knotweed) and Timorex Gold (from Tea tree) are registered for Botrytis control.
- Essential oils like peppermint, sweet basil, Eupatorium cannabinum, Z. officinale, and Ocimum canum have high antifungal activities against B. cinerea.
- Clove oil, cinnamon oil, and lemon grass oil exhibit strong inhibitory effects against B. cinerea.
- Essential oils contain major components like aldehydes, phenols, terpenes, and ketones, which enable them to accumulate in the cell membrane and disrupt its structure.
- Essential oils from plants like thyme and tea tree have also been found to induce host resistance against B. cinerea and alter the mitochondria morphology and ultrastructure of B. cinerea.
- Plant-based peptides and polysaccharides, like those found in sweet lupine, have also been tested for Botrytis control. The innovative active ingredient (Banda de Lupinus albus doce or BLAD) kills fungal pathogens by coating cell walls and interrupting the chitin structure, leading to cell wall fracture and death of the pathogen.
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Description
Explore the major challenges associated with the continuous use of synthetic fungicides, including increased public concern about contamination of fruits and vegetables, resistance development in pathogen populations, and environmental pollution. Test your knowledge on the impact of synthetic fungicides on human health, pathogen resistance, and environmental sustainability.
