74 Questions
What is the function of the nucleolus?
Ribosome subunit synthesis and assembly
What are the two components of blood?
Formed elements and plasma
Which component of the cytoskeleton do some cancer chemotherapy drugs target to stop cell division?
Microtubules
What is the function of the nucleolus?
It synthesizes and assembles ribosome subunits
What are the two main components of blood?
Formed elements and plasma
What component of the cytoskeleton do some drugs used in cancer chemotherapy target to prevent cell division?
Microtubules
Which cells in the human body use flagella to move?
Sperm
What type of tissue is specialized to contract and allow body movement and the movement of fluids through the body?
Muscle tissue
Where is fibrocartilage found in the human body?
In discs between the vertebrae
What is the correct order for the synthesis of an insulin molecule to its release from a Beta-islet cell of the pancreas?
RER --> Transport Vesicle --> Golgi Apparatus --> Secretory Vesicle --> Exocytosis
What percentage of a species' DNA is composed of cytosine (C)?
29%
What is the name of the cell structure that is composed of a stack of slightly curved sacs that are important in modifying, packaging, and secretion of proteins?
Golgi Apparatus
What is different between the 21st amino acid and the other 20 known amino acids?
It has a different 'R' group.
What organelle is not working as well in seniors, resulting in a buildup of lipofuscin in cells?
Lysosomes
What is the form of diffusion in which molecules are transported by a protein carrier instead of between the phospholipids?
Facilitated Diffusion
What type of organism did scientists at the Scripps Research Institute genetically engineer to produce the 21st amino acid?
Bacterium
What is the potential benefit of developing creatures that can make their own vitamins or antibiotics?
Reducing the risk of antibiotic resistance
What is the function of the plasma membrane?
Marks the cell as belonging to a particular individual
Which substance could be examined for radioactive phosphate to test the hypothesis of food contamination with radioactive phosphates?
DNA of the organisms in the area
What did the scientists discover in the recently found bacteria?
A new protein
What is the role of ATP in muscle contraction?
To detach crossbridges
Which type of muscle cells are expected to have numerous mitochondria?
Skeletal muscle cells
What is the primary component of the 3-D structure of the new protein discovered by the scientists?
One polypeptide chain
What is the role of the plasma membrane in cell recognition?
To mark the cell as belonging to a particular individual
What are the two types of cells that make up nervous tissue?
Neurons and neuroglial cells
What type of junctions connect cells where a small colored molecule injected into one cell has entered adjacent cells within minutes?
Gap junctions
What is the main storage form of energy in the body?
Glycerol + 3 Fatty Acids
What are phospholipids composed of?
Glycerol and 2 fatty acids
What is the most abundant and widely distributed primary tissue type in the body?
Connective tissue
What is the function of iodine in the thyroid gland?
To synthesize two different hormones
What is the name of the lipid that is not composed of fatty acids?
Steroids
What are the three components of a nucleotide?
Deoxyribose sugar, phosphate group, nitrogen-containing base
What is the function of hemoglobin in the body?
To transport oxygen
What is the name of the process by which cells convert glucose into ATP?
Cellular respiration
What is the name of the protein that makes up the majority of the extracellular matrix in connective tissue?
Collagen
What is the name of the process by which cells divide to produce two identical daughter cells?
Mitosis
What type of junctions connect adjacent cells when a small colored molecule injected into one cell enters the adjacent cells within minutes?
gap junctions
What are triglycerides made up of?
Glycerol + 3 Fatty Acids
What are phospholipids made up of?
Glycerol + 2 Fatty Acids + Phosphate Group
What is the only lipid discussed that is not composed of fatty acids?
Steroids
What is the most abundant and widely distributed primary tissue type in the body?
Connective tissue
Where is iodine found at a higher concentration and what is it used for?
Cells of the thyroid gland, where it is used in the synthesis of hormones
What is the process by which iodine is transported into cells of the thyroid gland?
Active transport
What is the function of neuroglial cells in nervous tissue?
Support and insulate neurons
What is the main storage form of energy in the body?
Triglycerides
What is the structure of waxes?
1 Fatty Acid
What is the function of gap junctions in cell communication?
Allow the movement of small molecules and ions between adjacent cells
What are the two types of cells that make up nervous tissue?
Neurons and neuroglial cells
What type of junctions connect cells when a small colored molecule is able to enter adjacent cells within minutes?
Gap junctions
What are triglycerides and what are they made up of?
They are the main storage form of energy in the body and are made up of glycerol and 3 fatty acids
What are phospholipids and what are they made up of?
They are composed of glycerol and 2 fatty acids
What is the most abundant and widely distributed primary tissue type in the body?
Connective tissue
Where is iodine found at a higher concentration and what is its function there?
In the thyroid gland, where it is used in the synthesis of two different hormones
What is the function of neuroglial cells in nervous tissue?
To support and insulate neurons
What are waxes and what are they made up of?
They have 1 fatty acid
What is the main storage form of energy in the body?
Triglycerides
What is the function of gap junctions in cells?
To allow for direct communication between adjacent cells
What is the function of steroids in the body?
To regulate various physiological functions
What is the extracellular matrix in connective tissue composed of?
Protein fibers
What are the monomer units of proteins?
Amino Acids
Where is most of the cell's ATP produced?
Mitochondrion
What is the secondary structure of a protein molecule described as?
Alpha helix and Beta sheet
Which biological molecule contains the sugar deoxyribose, is made up of two strands, is held together by hydrogen bonds and contains phosphate?
DNA
What is the function of DNA in a cell?
To store information for the order of amino acids in a protein
Which biological molecule makes up enzymes, functions in support, defense and transport?
Proteins
What are the three main components of connective tissues?
Specialized Cells, Protein Fibers, Ground Substance
What is the tonicity of a solution of normal saline compared to blood?
Isotonic
What is the most abundant type of molecule in the plasma membrane?
Lipids
What is the process by which cells take in substances from outside the cell?
Endocytosis
Which organelle is responsible for protein synthesis?
Ribosomes
Which type of cell division results in the production of two identical daughter cells?
Mitosis
What is the main function of Blank 1 tissue?
Receives sensory input, integrates data and conducts impulses
What are the characteristics of all epithelial tissue?
They are tightly joined and function as a barrier
What are the six functions of proteins?
The six functions of proteins are support, enzymes, transport, hormones, defense, and motion.
Study Notes
Cell Biology
- The nucleolus is responsible for synthesizing ribosomal RNA and assembling ribosomes.
- Blood is composed of plasma and formed elements (red and white blood cells, and platelets).
- Cancer chemotherapy drugs target microtubules, a component of the cytoskeleton, to prevent cell division.
Cell Movement and Tissue
- Cells in the human body that use flagella to move are sperm cells.
- Muscle tissue is specialized to contract and allow body movement and the movement of fluids through the body.
Cellular Structures
- Fibrocartilage is found in the human body in areas such as the invertebral discs and pubic symphysis.
- The Golgi apparatus is composed of a stack of slightly curved sacs and is important in modifying, packaging, and secretion of proteins.
DNA and Amino Acids
- Approximately 22% of a species' DNA is composed of cytosine (C).
- The 21st amino acid differs from the other 20 known amino acids in that it is genetically engineered.
Cellular Processes
- Facilitated diffusion is a type of diffusion in which molecules are transported by a protein carrier instead of between the phospholipids.
- The function of the plasma membrane is to regulate what enters and leaves the cell.
- Scientists genetically engineered bacteria to produce the 21st amino acid.
Muscle Function and Energy
- ATP plays a crucial role in muscle contraction.
- Muscle cells are expected to have numerous mitochondria.
- The primary component of the 3-D structure of the newly discovered protein is ATP.
Cellular Communication and Nervous Tissue
- The plasma membrane plays a role in cell recognition.
- The two types of cells that make up nervous tissue are neurons and neuroglial cells.
- Gap junctions connect adjacent cells, allowing substances to pass between them.
Energy and Tissue
- The main storage form of energy in the body is glycogen.
- Phospholipids are composed of a glycerol molecule and two fatty acid chains.
- The most abundant and widely distributed primary tissue type in the body is epithelial tissue.
Thyroid Gland and Iodine
- Iodine is essential for the production of thyroid hormones in the thyroid gland.
- Iodine is transported into cells of the thyroid gland through a process involving sodium-iodide symporters.
Connective Tissue and Waxes
- The extracellular matrix in connective tissue is composed of collagen, elastin, and other proteins.
- Waxes are composed of a long-chain fatty acid and a long-chain alcohol.
Protein Structure and Function
- The monomer units of proteins are amino acids.
- The secondary structure of a protein molecule is described as alpha helices and beta pleated sheets.
- Proteins function in support, defense, and transport, and make up enzymes.
Cell Division and DNA
- Mitosis is the type of cell division that results in the production of two identical daughter cells.
- DNA is composed of two strands held together by hydrogen bonds and contains phosphate and the sugar deoxyribose.
- The function of DNA in a cell is to store genetic information.
Cells and Tissues
- The tonicity of a solution of normal saline compared to blood is isotonic.
- The most abundant type of molecule in the plasma membrane is phospholipids.
- The process by which cells take in substances from outside the cell is endocytosis.
- The main function of epithelial tissue is to form a barrier, absorb, and secrete.
- The characteristics of all epithelial tissue include being avascular, attached to a basement membrane, and having a free surface.
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