Ch. 28 Reproductive Flashcards
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Questions and Answers

What is the duct that carries sperm from the epididymis to the ejaculatory duct?

  • Vas deferens (correct)
  • Prostate
  • Seminal vesicle
  • Ejaculatory duct

    • What consists of the mucosa of the ductus deferens?

    Pseudostratified columnar epithelium and lamina propria.

    Which accessory sex gland contributes the majority of the seminal fluid?

    Seminal vesicles.

    What is the supporting structure of the male reproductive system that includes the ductus deferens?

    <p>Spermatic cord.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the inguinal canal?

    <p>An oblique passageway in the anterior abdominal wall.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a varicocele?

    <p>A twisted vein, especially in the spermatic cord.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the ejaculatory duct?

    <p>Transport sperm from the ductus deferens to the prostatic urethra.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the male urethra?

    <p>Conveys urine and semen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three subdivisions of the male urethra?

    <p>Prostatic urethra, intermediate urethra, and spongy urethra.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the spongy urethra end?

    <p>At the external urethral orifice.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the seminal vesicle?

    <p>One of a pair of glands that secrete seminal fluid.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What helps to neutralize the acidic environment of the male urethra?

    <p>Alkaline viscous fluid in seminal fluid.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the prostate?

    <p>A gland that surrounds the male urethra.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What substances does the prostate secrete?

    <p>Citric acid, proteolytic enzymes, acid phosphatase, and seminalplasmin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the bulbourethral gland?

    <p>Secretes an alkaline fluid into the cavernous urethra.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What organs are included in the male reproductive system?

    <p>The testes, a system of ducts (epididymis, ductus deferens, ejaculatory ducts, and urethra), accessory sex glands (seminal vesicles, prostate, and bulbourethral glands), and supporting structures (scrotum and penis).</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do the testes (male gonads) do?

    <p>Produce sperm and secrete hormones.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the duct system responsible for?

    <p>Transporting and storing sperm, assisting in their maturation, and conveying them to the exterior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What delivers sperm into the female reproductive tract?

    <p>The penis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What supports the testes?

    <p>The scrotum.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the scrotum consist of?

    <p>Loose skin and an underlying subcutaneous layer that hangs from the root of the penis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What externally separates the scrotum into lateral portions?

    <p>A median ridge called the raphe.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What internally separates the scrotum into two sacs, each containing a single testis?

    <p>The scrotal septum.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Dartos Muscle?

    <p>Muscle tissue composed of bundles of smooth muscle fibers that make up the scrotal septum.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Cremaster Muscle?

    <p>A series of small bands of skeletal muscle that descend as an extension of the internal oblique muscle through the spermatic cord to surround the testes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What helps regulate the temperature of the testes?

    <p>The cremaster and dartos muscles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What temperature does normal sperm production require, and how is this maintained?

    <p>2-3°C below core body temperature; maintained within the scrotum.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do the testes develop?

    <p>Near the kidneys, in the posterior portion of the abdomen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When and how do the testes begin to descend to the scrotum?

    <p>During the latter half of the seventh month of fetal development through the inguinal canals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What tissue layers cover and protect the testes?

    <p>The tunica vaginalis and tunica albuginea.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the tunica vaginalis?

    <p>A serous membrane derived from the peritoneum that partially covers the testes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a hydrocele?

    <p>A collection of serous fluid in the tunica vaginalis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the tunica albuginea?

    <p>A dense white fibrous capsule composed of dense irregular connective tissue covering a testis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What forms the septa that divide the testis into internal compartments called lobules?

    <p>Tunica albuginea.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Each of the 200-300 lobules contains what?

    <p>One to three seminiferous tubules.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a seminiferous tubule?

    <p>A tightly coiled duct located in the testis where sperm are produced.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is spermatogenesis?

    <p>The formation and development of sperm in the seminiferous tubules of the testes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two types of cells contained in the seminiferous tubules?

    <p>Spermatogenic cells and sustentacular cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are spermatogenic cells?

    <p>The sperm-forming cells found in the seminiferous tubules.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a sustentacular cell?

    <p>A supporting cell in the seminiferous tubules that secretes fluid and hormones for sperm.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does spermatogenesis occur?

    <p>Spermatogonia develop into primary spermatocytes, which then undergo meiosis to form spermatids and sperm cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are spermatogonia?

    <p>Male stem cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a spermatozoon?

    <p>A sperm cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells secrete testosterone?

    <p>The interstitial (Leydig) cells of the testes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The blood-testis barrier includes spermatogonia.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do sustentacular cells support and protect developing spermatogenic cells?

    <p>By nourishing and regulating movements of spermatogenic cells and secreting inhibin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an interstitial cell?

    <p>A type of cell that secretes testosterone, located between seminiferous tubules.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are androgens?

    <p>Masculinizing sex hormones produced by the testes and adrenal cortex; responsible for libido.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In humans, how long does spermatogenesis take?

    <p>65-75 days.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When in spermatogenesis are the cells no longer diploid and become haploid?

    <p>During the transition from primary spermatocytes to secondary spermatocytes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens during spermatogenesis?

    <p>Spermatogonia differentiate into primary spermatocytes, which further divide into secondary spermatocytes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many chromosomes do spermatogonia have?

    <p>46 chromosomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many chromosomes do primary spermatocytes have?

    <p>46 chromosomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many chromosomes do secondary spermatocytes have?

    <p>23 chromosomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many chromosomes do spermatids have?

    <p>23 chromosomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many chromosomes do spermatozoa have?

    <p>23 chromosomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If spermatogonia mature into primary spermatocytes, why don't males ever run out of sperm?

    <p>Spermatogonia remain as stem cells, serving as a reservoir for future sperm production.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do spermatogonia become primary spermatocytes?

    <p>Spermatogonia lose contact with the basement membrane, undergo changes, and differentiate into primary spermatocytes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of meiosis I?

    <p>The number of chromosomes in each cell is reduced by half.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When does meiosis begin in spermatogenesis?

    <p>Shortly after the primary spermatocyte forms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do primary spermatocytes become secondary spermatocytes?

    <p>They undergo meiosis I to divide into secondary spermatocytes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs in meiosis II?

    <p>Chromosomes line up and separate, leading to the formation of haploid cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do secondary spermatocytes become spermatids?

    <p>They undergo meiosis II to produce spermatids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A single primary spermatocyte produces four spermatids via cell division.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is spermiogenesis?

    <p>The maturation of spermatids into sperm.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Does cell division occur during spermiogenesis?

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Once sperm enter the lumen of the seminiferous tubules, how do they get to the ducts of the testes?

    <p>Fluid secreted by sustentacular cells pushes sperm toward the ducts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Each day, how many sperm complete the process of spermatogenesis?

    <p>About 300 million.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Describe the head of a spermatozoon.

    <p>It contains a nucleus with 23 chromosomes and an acrosome filled with enzymes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Describe the tail of a spermatozoon.

    <p>The tail is divided into neck, middle piece, principal piece, and end piece, aiding in motility.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Once ejaculated, most sperm do not survive more than _____ hours within the female reproductive tract.

    <p>48 hours.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At puberty, what cells secrete gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)?

    <p>Hypothalamic neurosecretory cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) do?

    <p>Stimulates gonadotrophs in the anterior pituitary to secrete LH and FSH.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells secrete inhibin?

    <p>Sustentacular cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) secreted from?

    <p>Gonadotrophs in the anterior pituitary.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the hormone LH do?

    <p>Stimulates interstitial cells to secrete testosterone.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does testosterone have on hormones?

    <p>Suppresses secretion of LH and GnRH.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the hormone FSH do?

    <p>Acts indirectly to stimulate spermatogenesis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is androgen-binding protein (ABP) secreted?

    <p>FSH and testosterone stimulate sustentacular cells to secrete ABP.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of androgen-binding protein (ABP)?

    <p>Binds to testosterone, maintaining its concentration high.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does spermatogenesis stop when enough sperm has been produced?

    <p>Sustentacular cells release inhibin to inhibit FSH secretion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is inhibin?

    <p>A hormone that inhibits release of FSH by the anterior pituitary.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Testosterone and dihydrotestosterone both bind to the same androgen receptors which are _________.

    <p>Found within the nuclei of target cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are secondary sex characteristics?

    <p>Traits that distinguish males and females but do not have a direct role in reproduction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormones inhibit secretion of FSH and LH by the anterior pituitary?

    <p>Testosterone and inhibin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a straight tubule?

    <p>A duct in a testis leading from a convoluted seminiferous tubule to the rete testis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the rete testis?

    <p>The network of ducts in the testes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are efferent ducts?

    <p>A series of coiled tubes that transport sperm from the rete testis to the epididymis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the ductus epididymis?

    <p>A tightly coiled tube where sperm undergo maturation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Describe where sperm travels from development to fertilizing the egg.

    <p>Produced in seminiferous tubules, pushed to the rete testis, move to the epididymis, then to ductus deferens for fertilization.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the epididymis?

    <p>A comma-shaped organ containing the ductus epididymis, where sperm undergo maturation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Each epididymis consists mostly of what?

    <p>The ductus epididymis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do the efferent ducts from the testis join the ductus epididymis?

    <p>At the head of the epididymis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The tail of the epididymis continues as what?

    <p>The ductus (vas) deferens.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the ductus epididymis made up of?

    <p>Lined with pseudostratified columnar epithelium and encircled by smooth muscle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are stereocilia?

    <p>Long, slender, nonmotile microvilli projecting from epithelial cells lining the epididymis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What attaches the loops of the ductus epididymis?

    <p>Connective tissue around the muscle layer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the site of sperm maturation?

    <p>Epididymis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is sperm maturation?

    <p>The process by which sperm acquire motility and the ability to fertilize an ovum.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Male Reproductive System Anatomy

    • Comprises testes, a duct system (epididymis, ductus deferens, ejaculatory ducts, urethra), accessory glands (seminal vesicles, prostate, bulbourethral glands), and supporting structures (scrotum, penis).

    Functions of Testes

    • Produce sperm and secrete hormones.

    Duct System Roles

    • Transports, stores sperm, assists in maturation, and conveys semen to the exterior.

    Semen Composition

    • Consists of sperm and secretions from accessory sex glands.

    Scrotum Structure

    • Supports testes; composed of loose skin and a subcutaneous layer, separated into lateral portions by the raphe externally and two sacs by the scrotal septum internally.

    Muscle Regulation

    • Dartos and cremaster muscles regulate testicular temperature; necessary for optimal sperm production (2-3°C below core body temperature).

    Testes Development

    • Testes develop near the kidneys and descend into the scrotum via inguinal canals during the latter half of the seventh month of fetal development.

    Protective Layers of Testes

    • Covered by tunica vaginalis (serous membrane from peritoneum) and tunica albuginea (dense connective tissue).

    Lobule Structure

    • Tunica albuginea forms septa that divide the testis into lobules, housing seminiferous tubules where spermatogenesis occurs.

    Spermatogenesis Process

    • Involves maturation from spermatogonia (stem cells) to spermatozoa over approximately 65-75 days, with various developmental stages.

    Sertoli Cells' Role

    • Nourish and support developing sperm, mediate hormonal effects, and maintain the blood-testis barrier to protect against immune response.

    Hormonal Regulation

    • GnRH from hypothalamus stimulates LH and FSH secretion; testosterone from Leydig cells suppresses LH and GnRH secretion.

    Inhibin Function

    • Secreted by sustentacular cells, inhibits FSH release when sperm production is sufficient.

    Pathway of Sperm

    • Sperm travels from seminiferous tubules → straight tubules → rete testis → ductus epididymis → vas deferens, undergoing maturation in the epididymis.

    Spermiogenesis

    • Process of transforming spermatids into motile sperm without further cell division.

    Sperm Structure

    • Composed of a head (with acrosome for fertilization) and a tail (divided into neck, middle piece for energy, principal, and end piece for motility).

    Survival of Sperm Post-Ejaculation

    • Most sperm do not survive longer than 48 hours in the female reproductive tract.

    Accessory Glands

    • Seminal vesicles contribute the majority of seminal fluid during ejaculation.

    Spermatic Cord Components

    • Includes ductus deferens, blood vessels, nerves, and muscle tissue, providing support and structure to the reproductive system.

    Varicocele Definition

    • A condition characterized by twisting veins and accumulation of blood in the spermatic cord, often causing swelling in the scrotum.

    Ejaculatory Duct Role

    • Transports sperm from the ductus deferens to the prostatic urethra for ejaculation.### Male Urethra
    • Connects urinary bladder to the exterior body, allowing urine passage in females and both urine and semen in males.
    • Consists of three main subdivisions: prostatic, intermediate, and spongy urethra.

    Subdivisions of the Male Urethra

    • Prostatic urethra: traverses through the prostate gland.
    • Intermediate urethra: located within the deep muscles of the perineum.
    • Spongy urethra: extends through the corpus spongiosum of the penis, terminating at the external urethral orifice.

    Seminal Vesicle

    • Pouchlike structures situated posterior and inferior to the urinary bladder, anterior to the rectum.
    • Functions as a major contributor to semen production, secreting components into the ejaculatory ducts.

    Neutralization of Acidity

    • Seminal fluid is alkaline and viscous, containing fructose, prostaglandins, and clotting proteins to protect and preserve sperm in acidic environments of the urethra and female reproductive tract.

    Prostate Gland

    • A doughnut-shaped gland positioned beneath the urinary bladder, encircling the upper portion of the male urethra.
    • Secretes a slightly acidic fluid essential for sperm motility and viability.

    Prostate Secretions

    • Citric acid: vital for ATP production in sperm.
    • Proteolytic enzymes: help in breaking down seminal vesicle clotting proteins.
    • Acid phosphatase: function is not well established.
    • Seminalplasmin: acts as an antibiotic agent against bacteria.

    Bulbourethral Gland

    • Pair of glands positioned beneath the prostate, flanking the urethra.
    • Produces an alkaline fluid that lubricates and protects the urethra, known as Cowper's glands.

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    Description

    Explore key concepts of the male reproductive system in this quiz. Review the structures, functions, and roles of the organs included in male reproduction. Perfect for students studying reproductive biology or health sciences.

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