Pharma Mod 6

Drugs that reduce the formation or activity of chemical signals that cause platelets to clump together.

A protein on the surface of platelets that plays a critical role in platelet-to-platelet interactions and thrombus (clot) formation.

Substances that stimulate platelets to become active and participate in clotting, such as thromboxane A2, ADP, thrombin, serotonin, and collagen.

A protein that binds to GP IIb/IIIa receptors on multiple platelets, linking them together and forming a clot.

An enzyme involved in the production of thromboxane A2, a platelet activation agent.

A drug that irreversibly inhibits COX-1, preventing the production of thromboxane A2 and reducing platelet aggregation.

These drugs are used to prevent and treat blood clots in conditions like cardiovascular disease, maintain blood vessel grafts, and help with heart attacks.

They either block the production or activity of platelet activation signals, or they interfere with the binding of fibrinogen to GP IIb/IIIa receptors, preventing platelet aggregation.

Drugs that prevent platelets from aggregating by blocking the binding site of fibrinogen on the GP IIb/IIIa receptor.

A cyclic peptide that prevents platelet aggregation by binding to the fibrinogen binding site on the GP IIb/IIIa receptor.

A non-peptide drug that blocks the same site on GP IIb/IIIa receptor as eptifibatide, preventing platelet aggregation.

Bleeding is the major adverse effect of GP IIb/IIIa blockers, as they interfere with normal platelet function.

A coronary vasodilator used to prevent angina by relaxing blood vessels and improving blood flow.

Dipyridamole works by inhibiting the uptake of adenosine by red blood cells, leading to increased adenosine levels, which relax blood vessels.

Initiated by tissue factor (thromboplastin) released from damaged blood vessels, leading to the activation of clotting Factor VII.

Triggered by the activation of Factor XII through contact with charged surfaces, like damaged cell surfaces.

A vitamin K antagonist (Coumarin anticoagulant) used to prevent and treat blood clots.

It works by blocking the production of clotting factors in the liver, decreasing blood's ability to clot.

Warfarin is used to prevent or treat:

1. Deep vein thrombosis (DVT)
2. Pulmonary embolism (PE)
3. Stroke due to atrial fibrillation
4. Blood clots in prosthetic heart valves

Warfarin should never be used during pregnancy due to its teratogenic effects, which can cause birth defects and miscarriage.

The most significant adverse effect of warfarin is bleeding due to its anticoagulant properties.

Medicines that dissolve blood clots. They work by activating plasminogen, converting it into plasmin, which breaks down fibrin (the meshwork of blood clots).

Thrombolytic drugs are used to treat acute thromboembolic diseases like heart attacks and pulmonary embolisms. However, they're typically reserved for situations where angioplasty is not feasible.

Thrombolytic drugs aren't always effective in treating clots (around 20% failure rate), and sometimes the arteries that are opened can close again (around 15% chance).

Thrombolytic drugs can dissolve both normal and pathological blood clots, meaning they could potentially cause bleeding complications. They are typically reserved for cases where the benefits outweigh the risks, such as when angioplasty is not available.

A drug derived from human melanoma cells used to break down blood clots in conditions like heart attack, pulmonary embolism, and stroke. It's a serine protease (enzyme) that activates plasminogen to plasmin, which dissolves fibrin clots.

Alteplase can cause serious bleeding complications due to its clot-dissolving action. This can affect various areas like the gastrointestinal tract and brain.

An enzyme derived from bacteria that dissolves blood clots. It works by converting plasminogen to plasmin, which breaks down fibrin clots.

Similar to alteplase, streptokinase can cause bleeding problems. It can also trigger allergic reactions like rashes and fever.

Drugs that prevent the breakdown of blood clots, used to control excessive bleeding. They work by inhibiting the activation of plasminogen, which stops the formation of plasmin.

A genetic disorder where the blood doesn't clot properly due to deficiency in clotting factors, most commonly factor VIII or IX.

Concentrated preparations of clotting factors extracted from human donors are used to treat hemophilia. However, these preparations can carry the risk of transmitting viral infections.

A medical procedure used to deliver blood to a patient who has lost a significant amount of blood due to injury or illness. This is also an option for treating severe bleeding.

These drugs bind to bile acids in the small intestine, preventing their reabsorption and promoting cholesterol conversion to bile acids.

Cholestyramine, colestipol, and colesevelam bind to bile acids in the gut, forming a complex that is excreted in feces. This decreases bile acid levels, prompting the liver to convert more cholesterol into bile acids, ultimately reducing plasma LDL cholesterol.

Primarily used for treating Type IIa and Type IIb hyperlipidemias, often alongside diet or niacin.

Commonly cause gastrointestinal disturbances like constipation, nausea, and flatulence. Colesevelam has fewer GI side effects. High doses of cholestyramine and colestipol can impair fat-soluble vitamin absorption.

A cholesterol absorption inhibitor that selectively blocks the uptake of cholesterol from the diet and bile in the small intestine.

By inhibiting intestinal cholesterol absorption, ezetimibe reduces the amount of cholesterol delivered to the liver. This leads to lower hepatic cholesterol stores and increased clearance of cholesterol from the blood.

Reduces LDL cholesterol by 17%, triacylglycerols by 6%, and slightly increases HDL cholesterol.

Patients with moderate to severe hepatic insufficiency should avoid ezetimibe.

A combination drug used to lower LDL (bad) cholesterol levels more effectively than simvastatin alone.

Medications designed to reduce abnormal levels of lipids (fats) in the blood, particularly cholesterol and triglycerides.

Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, often referred to as 'bad' cholesterol. High LDL levels increase the risk of heart disease by contributing to plaque build-up in arteries.

A type of fat found in the blood that is a major source of energy. High triglyceride levels can contribute to heart disease and other health problems.

A comprehensive textbook of pharmacology, widely considered a foundational resource for students and professionals in the field.

Another essential textbook that covers the principles of pharmacology and its clinical applications.

The process of stopping bleeding, involving a complex series of steps that lead to the formation of a blood clot to seal the injured blood vessel.

A series of enzymatic reactions involving various clotting factors that ultimately lead to the formation of a fibrin clot, stopping bleeding.