Pharma Cardio

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Questions and Answers

Which type of cardiomyopathy is commonly seen in felines?

Dilated cardiomyopathy

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (correct)

Left ventricular cardiomyopathy

Restrictive cardiomyopathy

What is the primary consequence of congestive heart failure?

Increased blood pressure

Increased heart rate

Inadequate pumping of blood by the heart (correct)

Decreased blood volume

Which of the following is NOT a common clinical sign of congestive heart failure?

Fever (correct)

Weight loss

Coughing

Dyspnea

What is the primary action of positive inotropic agents?

Increase force of muscle contractions Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an antiarrhythmic drug?

Lidocaine Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of action of ACE inhibitors?

Dilation of blood vessels Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary action of potassium channel blockers?

Delay repolarization Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of calcium channel blockers ?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the cardiovascular system?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the ventricular stretch at the end of diastole, just before contraction?

Preload Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a compensatory mechanism in heart disease?

Increased heart rate Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a medication that increases the heart rate?

Chronotrope Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the resistance the left ventricle experiences when it tries to eject blood

Afterload Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a medication that increases the contraction force of the heart?

Inotrope Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a condition in which the heart is unable to pump enough blood to meet the body's needs?

Heart failure Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of dietary management in heart failure?

To reduce sodium intake Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of CCB on the heart?

Both A and B Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following vasodilator drugs reduces preload?

Nitroglycerin Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary action of diuretics?

Increase excretion of water and salt through diuresis Signup and view all the answers

What is a common adverse effect of diuretic administration?

Hypokalemia Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of diuretic therapy in CHF?

Reduce plasma volume and cardiac work Signup and view all the answers

What is a crucial aspect of patient care when using diuretics?

Ensuring adequate water intake Signup and view all the answers

What is a common ancillary treatment for CHF?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What is a key aspect of dietary management for CHF?

Maintaining a healthy body weight and restricting sodium Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of increased preload on the cardiac contraction?

Increased cardiac output Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of a damaged ventricle in terms of cardiac output?

Reduced cardiac output Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a compensatory mechanism to increase cardiac output?

Increase heart rate Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of bradycardia on cardiac output?

Reduced cardiac output Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of poor contractility on cardiac output?

Reduced cardiac output Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the autonomic nervous system in regulating heart rate?

To regulate cardiac output through sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following increases as a result of tachycardia?

Oxygen consumption Signup and view all the answers

What is the direct consequence of increased afterload on the heart?

Increased ventricular workload Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a compensatory mechanism in heart disease?

Tachycardia Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary determinant of cardiac output?

Stroke volume Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a result of decreased preload?

Decreased cardiac output Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the SA node in the cardiac conduction system?

To generate cardiac action potentials Signup and view all the answers

Positive inotropic agents

Benzimidazole pyridazinones = Cause vasodilation and strengthen cardiac muscle contraction <ul> <li>= - Glycosides = Tx for heart failure, increase contraction of heart and decreases HR, can be extremely toxic. Catecholamines = Synthetic form of natural neurotransmitter, acts on beta and adrenergic receptor sites, increase HR,BP,Strength of contraction</li> </ul> Signup and view all the answers

Positive inotropic agents

Glycosides = Digoxin Catecholamines = Dobutamine, Dopamine, Epinephrine Benzimidazole pyridazinones = Pimobendan (Vetmedin) <ul> <li>= -</li> </ul> Signup and view all the answers

What is the basic function of the CV system

Delivering O2, nutrients, and hormones to various parts of the body Signup and view all the answers

Each cell in the heart is capable of contracting spontaneously

True Signup and view all the answers

HR is controlled primarily by Somatic NS

False Signup and view all the answers

Cardiac output is the amount of blood pumped by the heart per hour

False Signup and view all the answers

Preload is the ventricular stretch at the end of diastole

True Signup and view all the answers

Afterload is the resistance in the right ventricle when ejecting blood out of the ventricle

False Signup and view all the answers

If the heart rate increases cardiac output increases and vice versa

True Signup and view all the answers

Abnormal heart rates can indicate which of the following

Acute heart failure Signup and view all the answers

What happens to compensate for disease processes results in reduced diastolic period, reduced preload, and increased oxygen consumption.

Tachycardia Signup and view all the answers

What is preload

Both A and B Signup and view all the answers

Pump dysfunction clinical signs

Both A and C Signup and view all the answers

Pump dysfunction increases in the _______

Preload Signup and view all the answers

What is afterload

Resistance the left ventricle experiences when it tries to eject blood Signup and view all the answers

Damaged ventricles = in cardiac output

Reduction Signup and view all the answers

Clinical signs of damaged ventricles

Abnormal blood pressure, hypothermic extremitie, syncope and shock Signup and view all the answers

What is the terminology for the ability of the myocardium to contract

Contractility Signup and view all the answers

Compensatory mechanisms

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

Common clinical signs of congestive heart failure

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

Irregular rhythm + increased rate = pathologic response called ?

Arrhythmia Signup and view all the answers

Force and rhythm

Inotropic = alters force of muscle contractions Chronotropic = changes HR by changing rhythm <ul> <li>= - 1 = 1</li> </ul> Signup and view all the answers

Categories of CV drugs (4)

positive inotropic, antiarrhythmic, vasodilators, diuretics Signup and view all the answers

What is the main type of valvular disease seen in dogs

Mitral Signup and view all the answers

What are 4 heart diseases

Valvular disease, cardiac arrhythmias, myocardial disease, heartworm Signup and view all the answers

Positive inotropic drugs

Glycosides = Improves cardiac contractility, decreases HR, antiarrhythmic, decreased dyspnea, treats CHF, A fib, supraventricular tachycardia Catecholamines = Increases force and rate of contraction, constrict peripheral blood vessel, short serum half life, used in extreme cases only Benzimidazole = Inotropic mixed dilator, for Atrioventricular insufficiency and Dilated Cardiomyopathy, contraindicated in Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and aortic stenosis <ul> <li>= -</li> </ul> Signup and view all the answers

Classes of cardiovascular drugs

Inotropic = Stimulate the heart and increase the strength of the cardiac muscle contractions (increase HR) Antiarrhythmic = Affect ion channels and correcting electrical disturbances within the nodes Potassium Channel Blockers = Aid in cell repolarization, repolarization of both the S-A and A-V nodes Ace inhibitors = Prevents Constricting of the blood vessels, decreases the production of angiotensin II Signup and view all the answers

Drugs

Antiarrhythmics = Correct irregular heartbeats and decrease abnormally rapid heart rates, restoring the normal rhythm Beta blockers = Block the action of the sympathetic nervous system of the heart, slows heartbeat, decreases force of contractions of heart muscles, reduce blood vessel contraction of the heart, brain, and rest of the body Potassium channel blockers = Used primarily for treatment of cardiac arrhythmias Diuretics = Disorders treated with this drug: hypertension, edema, liver disease, diabetes Signup and view all the answers

Drugs

Ace inhibitors = Enalapril malate (Encard®) Potassium channel blockers = Sotaol Calcium channel blockers = Amlodipine (Norvasc®) Type of diuretic = Thiazide, Loop, Diuretic Signup and view all the answers

Factors that predispose the heart to arrhythmias (6)

Hypoxemia, electrolyte inbalance, increased levels or sensitivity to catecholamines, inhalant anesthetics, cardiac trauma or disease that results in altered cells Signup and view all the answers

Result in reduced cardiac output by poorly coordinated pumping

Arrhythmias Signup and view all the answers

• CHF  ACE  Narrowing of blood vessels = __________

hypertension Signup and view all the answers

Ace inhibitors decrease the production of angiotensin II allowing for __________________________________________________________________________________________

the blood vessels to dilate and blood pressure is reduced Signup and view all the answers

Inotropic mixed dilator

Benzimidazole Signup and view all the answers

What is the loss of K+ due to increase urination

Hypokalemia Signup and view all the answers

Two types of diuretics

furosemide (lasix), spironolactone Signup and view all the answers

Vasodilator drugs

Nitroglycerin = Venodilator that reduces preload as a result of pooling of blood in peripheral vessels Hydralazine = Arterial dilator-reduces afterload <ul> <li>= - 1 = 1</li> </ul> Signup and view all the answers

Classes of cardiovascular drugs: Action is dependent on the drug, fluid and electrolyte balance

Diuretics Signup and view all the answers

Classes of cardiovascular drugs: The drugs inhibit the activity of the enzyme ACE, decreasing the production or angiotensin II which allows for the blood vessels to dilate and blood pressure is reduced

Ace inhibitors Signup and view all the answers

Results in reduced cardiac output by poorly coordinated pumping activity

Arrhythmia Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Heart Disease

Types of heart disease:
- Valvular disease (tricuspid valve, mitral valve)
- Cardiac arrhythmias
- Myocardial disease (hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, cardiomyopathy)
- Other: congenital defects, heartworm

Congestive Heart Failure

Definition: Heart is incapable of pumping an adequate volume of blood
Clinical signs:
- Pulmonary edema (fluid in the lungs)
- Ascites (fluid accumulation in abdomen and peripheral limbs)
- Coughing
- Syncope
- Weight loss
- Cyanosis
- Lethargy
- Dyspnea
- Difficulty exercising

Arrhythmias

Definition: Irregular rhythm + increased rate = pathologic process
Note: A sinus arrhythmia is an irregular rhythm that occurs at a low or normal heart rate
Pulse deficits (or absence of a peripheral arterial pulse) may also be detected if the heart rate is irregular

Force & Rhythm

Inotropic: alters force of muscle contractions
Chronotropic: changes HR by changing rhythm

Categories of Cardiovascular Drugs

Positive inotropic agents
Antiarrhythmic agents
Vasodilators
Diuretics

Positive Inotropic Agents

Stimulate the heart and increase the strength of cardiac muscle contractions
Examples:
- Glycosides (e.g. Digoxin)
- Catecholamines (e.g. Dobutamine, Dopamine, Epinephrine)
- Benzimidazole pyridazinones (e.g. Pimobendan/Vetmedin)

Antiarrhythmic Agents

Affect ion channels and correcting electrical disturbances within the nodes
Correct irregular heartbeats and decrease abnormally rapid heart rates, restoring the normal rhythm
Examples:
- Beta Blockers
- Potassium channel blockers (e.g. Sotaol)
- Calcium channel blockers (e.g. Amlodipine/Norvasc)

ACE Inhibitors

Prevent narrowing of blood vessels, reducing hypertension
Prevents Constricting of the blood vessels
Examples:
- Enalapril malate (Encard)

Vasodilator Drugs

Examples:
- Nitroglycerin (venodilator that reduces preload)
- Hydralazine (arterial dilator that reduces afterload)

Diuretics

Increase excretion of water and salt through diuresis or urination
Action depends on the drug
Examples:
- Thiazide
- Loop (e.g. Furosemide/Lasix)
- Potassium-sparing diuretics (e.g. Spironolactone)

Dietary Management

2 goals:
- Sodium restriction
- Maintain healthy body weight

Cardiac Output

Formula: CO = HR x SV
Components:
- Heart rate (HR)
- Stroke volume (SV)
Preload: stretching of the myocardial cells during diastole
Afterload: resistance the left ventricle experiences when ejecting blood

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Description

This quiz covers various heart diseases including valvular disease, cardiac arrhythmias, myocardial disease, and congestive heart failure. Learn about the symptoms and effects of these heart conditions. DRUGS as well