Pharma Cardio
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Questions and Answers

Which type of cardiomyopathy is commonly seen in felines?

  • Dilated cardiomyopathy
  • Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (correct)
  • Left ventricular cardiomyopathy
  • Restrictive cardiomyopathy

    • What is the primary consequence of congestive heart failure?

  • Increased blood pressure
  • Increased heart rate
  • Inadequate pumping of blood by the heart (correct)
  • Decreased blood volume

    • Which of the following is NOT a common clinical sign of congestive heart failure?

  • Fever (correct)
  • Weight loss
  • Coughing
  • Dyspnea

    • What is the primary action of positive inotropic agents?

    <p>Increase force of muscle contractions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an antiarrhythmic drug?

    <p>Lidocaine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action of ACE inhibitors?

    <p>Dilation of blood vessels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary action of potassium channel blockers?

    <p>Delay repolarization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of calcium channel blockers ?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the cardiovascular system?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the ventricular stretch at the end of diastole, just before contraction?

    <p>Preload</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a compensatory mechanism in heart disease?

    <p>Increased heart rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a medication that increases the heart rate?

    <p>Chronotrope</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the resistance the left ventricle experiences when it tries to eject blood

    <p>Afterload</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a medication that increases the contraction force of the heart?

    <p>Inotrope</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a condition in which the heart is unable to pump enough blood to meet the body's needs?

    <p>Heart failure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of dietary management in heart failure?

    <p>To reduce sodium intake</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of CCB on the heart?

    <p>Both A and B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following vasodilator drugs reduces preload?

    <p>Nitroglycerin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary action of diuretics?

    <p>Increase excretion of water and salt through diuresis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common adverse effect of diuretic administration?

    <p>Hypokalemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of diuretic therapy in CHF?

    <p>Reduce plasma volume and cardiac work</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a crucial aspect of patient care when using diuretics?

    <p>Ensuring adequate water intake</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common ancillary treatment for CHF?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key aspect of dietary management for CHF?

    <p>Maintaining a healthy body weight and restricting sodium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of increased preload on the cardiac contraction?

    <p>Increased cardiac output</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of a damaged ventricle in terms of cardiac output?

    <p>Reduced cardiac output</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a compensatory mechanism to increase cardiac output?

    <p>Increase heart rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of bradycardia on cardiac output?

    <p>Reduced cardiac output</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of poor contractility on cardiac output?

    <p>Reduced cardiac output</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the autonomic nervous system in regulating heart rate?

    <p>To regulate cardiac output through sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following increases as a result of tachycardia?

    <p>Oxygen consumption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the direct consequence of increased afterload on the heart?

    <p>Increased ventricular workload</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a compensatory mechanism in heart disease?

    <p>Tachycardia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary determinant of cardiac output?

    <p>Stroke volume</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a result of decreased preload?

    <p>Decreased cardiac output</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the SA node in the cardiac conduction system?

    <p>To generate cardiac action potentials</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Positive inotropic agents

    <p>Benzimidazole pyridazinones = Cause vasodilation and strengthen cardiac muscle contraction</p> <ul> <li>= - Glycosides = Tx for heart failure, increase contraction of heart and decreases HR, can be extremely toxic. Catecholamines = Synthetic form of natural neurotransmitter, acts on beta and adrenergic receptor sites, increase HR,BP,Strength of contraction</li> </ul> Signup and view all the answers

    Positive inotropic agents

    <p>Glycosides = Digoxin Catecholamines = Dobutamine, Dopamine, Epinephrine Benzimidazole pyridazinones = Pimobendan (Vetmedin)</p> <ul> <li>= -</li> </ul> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the basic function of the CV system

    <p>Delivering O2, nutrients, and hormones to various parts of the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Each cell in the heart is capable of contracting spontaneously

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    HR is controlled primarily by Somatic NS

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cardiac output is the amount of blood pumped by the heart per hour

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Preload is the ventricular stretch at the end of diastole

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Afterload is the resistance in the right ventricle when ejecting blood out of the ventricle

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If the heart rate increases cardiac output increases and vice versa

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Abnormal heart rates can indicate which of the following

    <p>Acute heart failure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to compensate for disease processes results in reduced diastolic period, reduced preload, and increased oxygen consumption.

    <p>Tachycardia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is preload

    <p>Both A and B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pump dysfunction clinical signs

    <p>Both A and C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pump dysfunction increases in the _______

    <p>Preload</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is afterload

    <p>Resistance the left ventricle experiences when it tries to eject blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Damaged ventricles = in cardiac output

    <p>Reduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Clinical signs of damaged ventricles

    <p>Abnormal blood pressure, hypothermic extremitie, syncope and shock</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the terminology for the ability of the myocardium to contract

    <p>Contractility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Compensatory mechanisms

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Common clinical signs of congestive heart failure

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Irregular rhythm + increased rate = pathologic response called ?

    <p>Arrhythmia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Force and rhythm

    <p>Inotropic = alters force of muscle contractions Chronotropic = changes HR by changing rhythm</p> <ul> <li>= - 1 = 1</li> </ul> Signup and view all the answers

    Categories of CV drugs (4)

    <p>positive inotropic, antiarrhythmic, vasodilators, diuretics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main type of valvular disease seen in dogs

    <p>Mitral</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are 4 heart diseases

    <p>Valvular disease, cardiac arrhythmias, myocardial disease, heartworm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Positive inotropic drugs

    <p>Glycosides = Improves cardiac contractility, decreases HR, antiarrhythmic, decreased dyspnea, treats CHF, A fib, supraventricular tachycardia Catecholamines = Increases force and rate of contraction, constrict peripheral blood vessel, short serum half life, used in extreme cases only Benzimidazole = Inotropic mixed dilator, for Atrioventricular insufficiency and Dilated Cardiomyopathy, contraindicated in Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and aortic stenosis</p> <ul> <li>= -</li> </ul> Signup and view all the answers

    Classes of cardiovascular drugs

    <p>Inotropic = Stimulate the heart and increase the strength of the cardiac muscle contractions (increase HR) Antiarrhythmic = Affect ion channels and correcting electrical disturbances within the nodes Potassium Channel Blockers = Aid in cell repolarization, repolarization of both the S-A and A-V nodes Ace inhibitors = Prevents Constricting of the blood vessels, decreases the production of angiotensin II</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Drugs

    <p>Antiarrhythmics = Correct irregular heartbeats and decrease abnormally rapid heart rates, restoring the normal rhythm Beta blockers = Block the action of the sympathetic nervous system of the heart, slows heartbeat, decreases force of contractions of heart muscles, reduce blood vessel contraction of the heart, brain, and rest of the body Potassium channel blockers = Used primarily for treatment of cardiac arrhythmias Diuretics = Disorders treated with this drug: hypertension, edema, liver disease, diabetes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Drugs

    <p>Ace inhibitors = Enalapril malate (Encard®) Potassium channel blockers = Sotaol Calcium channel blockers = Amlodipine (Norvasc®) Type of diuretic = Thiazide, Loop, Diuretic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Factors that predispose the heart to arrhythmias (6)

    <p>Hypoxemia, electrolyte inbalance, increased levels or sensitivity to catecholamines, inhalant anesthetics, cardiac trauma or disease that results in altered cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Result in reduced cardiac output by poorly coordinated pumping

    <p>Arrhythmias</p> Signup and view all the answers

    • CHF  ACE  Narrowing of blood vessels = __________

    <p>hypertension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ace inhibitors decrease the production of angiotensin II allowing for __________________________________________________________________________________________

    <p>the blood vessels to dilate and blood pressure is reduced</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Inotropic mixed dilator

    <p>Benzimidazole</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the loss of K+ due to increase urination

    <p>Hypokalemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Two types of diuretics

    <p>furosemide (lasix), spironolactone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Vasodilator drugs

    <p>Nitroglycerin = Venodilator that reduces preload as a result of pooling of blood in peripheral vessels Hydralazine = Arterial dilator-reduces afterload</p> <ul> <li>= - 1 = 1</li> </ul> Signup and view all the answers

    Classes of cardiovascular drugs: Action is dependent on the drug, fluid and electrolyte balance

    <p>Diuretics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Classes of cardiovascular drugs: The drugs inhibit the activity of the enzyme ACE, decreasing the production or angiotensin II which allows for the blood vessels to dilate and blood pressure is reduced

    <p>Ace inhibitors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Results in reduced cardiac output by poorly coordinated pumping activity

    <p>Arrhythmia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Heart Disease

    • Types of heart disease:
      • Valvular disease (tricuspid valve, mitral valve)
      • Cardiac arrhythmias
      • Myocardial disease (hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, cardiomyopathy)
      • Other: congenital defects, heartworm

    Congestive Heart Failure

    • Definition: Heart is incapable of pumping an adequate volume of blood
    • Clinical signs:
      • Pulmonary edema (fluid in the lungs)
      • Ascites (fluid accumulation in abdomen and peripheral limbs)
      • Coughing
      • Syncope
      • Weight loss
      • Cyanosis
      • Lethargy
      • Dyspnea
      • Difficulty exercising

    Arrhythmias

    • Definition: Irregular rhythm + increased rate = pathologic process
    • Note: A sinus arrhythmia is an irregular rhythm that occurs at a low or normal heart rate
    • Pulse deficits (or absence of a peripheral arterial pulse) may also be detected if the heart rate is irregular

    Force & Rhythm

    • Inotropic: alters force of muscle contractions
    • Chronotropic: changes HR by changing rhythm

    Categories of Cardiovascular Drugs

    • Positive inotropic agents
    • Antiarrhythmic agents
    • Vasodilators
    • Diuretics

    Positive Inotropic Agents

    • Stimulate the heart and increase the strength of cardiac muscle contractions
    • Examples:
      • Glycosides (e.g. Digoxin)
      • Catecholamines (e.g. Dobutamine, Dopamine, Epinephrine)
      • Benzimidazole pyridazinones (e.g. Pimobendan/Vetmedin)

    Antiarrhythmic Agents

    • Affect ion channels and correcting electrical disturbances within the nodes
    • Correct irregular heartbeats and decrease abnormally rapid heart rates, restoring the normal rhythm
    • Examples:
      • Beta Blockers
      • Potassium channel blockers (e.g. Sotaol)
      • Calcium channel blockers (e.g. Amlodipine/Norvasc)

    ACE Inhibitors

    • Prevent narrowing of blood vessels, reducing hypertension
    • Prevents Constricting of the blood vessels
    • Examples:
      • Enalapril malate (Encard)

    Vasodilator Drugs

    • Examples:
      • Nitroglycerin (venodilator that reduces preload)
      • Hydralazine (arterial dilator that reduces afterload)

    Diuretics

    • Increase excretion of water and salt through diuresis or urination
    • Action depends on the drug
    • Examples:
      • Thiazide
      • Loop (e.g. Furosemide/Lasix)
      • Potassium-sparing diuretics (e.g. Spironolactone)

    Dietary Management

    • 2 goals:
      • Sodium restriction
      • Maintain healthy body weight

    Cardiac Output

    • Formula: CO = HR x SV
    • Components:
      • Heart rate (HR)
      • Stroke volume (SV)
    • Preload: stretching of the myocardial cells during diastole
    • Afterload: resistance the left ventricle experiences when ejecting blood

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    Description

    This quiz covers various heart diseases including valvular disease, cardiac arrhythmias, myocardial disease, and congestive heart failure. Learn about the symptoms and effects of these heart conditions. DRUGS as well

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