30 Questions
What was the Renaissance's contribution to social behavior?
Introducing conversation and civility
What did the Enlightenment elevate to be an essential civil virtue?
Good taste
What did the rules of etiquette and manners reflect during the 18th-century in Europe?
The increasing individualism
What was a significant change in dining etiquette during the 18th-century in Europe?
Having multiple courses in a dinner party
What aspect of dining etiquette reflected the increasing individualism of Europe during the 18th-century?
Transitioning from sharing utensils to individual plates and utensils
What did the medieval value of two or three people sharing utensils, a plate, or a cup transition to during the 18th-century?
Giving each person their own plates, utensils, and cups
What did wealth, brilliance, and good taste become in 18th-century Europe?
Important traits and requirements
What did taste involve in 18th-century Europe?
Food, manners, fashion, and art
What was a reflection of the increasing individualism of Europe during the 18th-century?
Transitioning from medieval dining customs to individual dining settings
What did the rise of salons contribute to in 18th-century Europe?
The importance of wealth, brilliance, and good taste
In the 18th century, what parenting practices were condemned?
Swaddling, wrapping tight bonnets around a child’s head, and strapping babies to tight boards
What was the attitude of upper-class women towards breastfeeding in the 18th century?
They regarded it as crude and demeaning
What was the primary justification used by European slavers for their behaviors?
Religion
What did European slavers trade with Coastal African groups for people?
Gold and other goods
What did Europeans introduce and encourage in African nations to obtain more slaves?
Chattel slavery and civil wars
In which colonies was slave labor the foundation of the social and economic system?
British southern mainland colonies, islands of the Caribbean, and Brazil
What were slaves primarily used for in most slave societies?
Producing crops for export to Europe
How were slaves inspected and priced at auctions?
Based on their capabilities, physical attributes, and age
What were slaves forced to do upon arrival in America?
They were sold at auction and forced into labor, physical or sexual
Who captured and loaded slaves onto boats for transportation to the Americas?
African slave traders paid by the Europeans
What was the title of Beccaria's influential critique of the criminal justice system in Milan?
On Crime and Punishment
Which concept did Beccaria discuss in 'Elements of Public Economy' that influenced theorists like Thomas Malthus?
Division of Labor
What did Beccaria advocate for in his beliefs about the criminal justice system?
Free Will and Rational Choice
What were Beccaria's main ideas about punishment in the criminal justice system?
Deterring Re-offending, Swift and Proportionate Punishment
What did Beccaria oppose and advocate for in terms of punishment?
Opposed Capital Punishment, Advocated for Equality among Social Classes
In which regions did Beccaria's ideas face challenges in spreading?
Italy, Portugal, Spain, German states, Austrian Empire
Where did Beccaria's ideas find more acceptance due to fewer constraints on new philosophical notions?
Britain, France, Holland, Denmark
In which regions did Beccaria's ideas struggle to spread due to lower literacy and a lack of tradition in questioning authority?
East Europe
Why did Beccaria's ideas not reach Muslim Europe?
Religious and Cultural Barriers
What were the challenges faced by children in 18th century Europe?
Late Marriage, High Infant Mortality, Risk of Illness and Accidents
Study Notes
Cesare Beccaria and His Impact on Criminal Justice and Socio-Economics in 18th Century Europe
- In 18th century Europe, there was widespread poverty due to a surplus of available workers, lack of jobs, heavy taxation, and feudal duties.
- "On Crime and Punishment" was Beccaria's influential critique of the criminal justice system in Milan, advocating for rational principles in criminal justice.
- "Elements of Public Economy," published posthumously, discussed concepts like division of labor and influenced theorists like Thomas Malthus.
- Beccaria's beliefs included criticism of the pre-Beccaria criminal justice system, advocating for free will, rational choice, and manipulability.
- His main ideas revolved around deterring re-offending, punishment based on social contract violations, and swift, proportionate, and public punishment.
- Beccaria opposed capital punishment and advocated for equality among social classes, education, and assistance to reduce crime.
- His ideas faced challenges in spreading due to religious censorship in Italy, Portugal, and Spain and state barriers in German states and the Austrian Empire.
- However, his ideas found more acceptance in Britain, France, Holland, and Denmark where there were fewer constraints on new philosophical notions.
- In East Europe, Beccaria's ideas struggled to spread due to lower literacy and a lack of tradition in questioning authority.
- His ideas did not reach Muslim Europe due to religious and cultural barriers.
- In 18th century Europe, marriage occurred late, infant mortality was high, and children faced the risk of illness and accidents.
- Few children survived infancy and even fewer reached adulthood, particularly in lower classes.
Test your knowledge of Cesare Beccaria and his impact on 18th century Europe with this quiz. Explore his influential critiques of the criminal justice system, his advocacy for rational principles, and his beliefs in deterring re-offending and promoting social equality. Delve into the challenges his ideas faced in spreading across different European regions and their impact on criminal justice and socio-economics.
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