Cervical Cancer Awareness Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What percentage of CIN-3 cases will likely regress spontaneously?

  • Over 60% (correct)
  • Less than 30%
  • Approximately 40%
  • Nearly 80%

What is the most common type of cervical cancer?

  • Adenocarcinoma
  • Keratinizing squamous cell carcinoma (correct)
  • Non-keratinizing squamous cell carcinoma
  • Small cell carcinoma

Which procedure is considered the best treatment for a biopsy-proven CIN-3?

  • Conization
  • Laser conization
  • Loop electro surgical excision procedure (LEEP) (correct)
  • Radical hysterectomy

What is the primary cause of cervical cancer?

<p>Human Papillomavirus (HPV) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is considered a major symptom of cervical cancer?

<p>Post coital or post menopausal bleeding (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the criterion for diagnosing polycystic ovarian disease (PCOD) that involves the presence of anovulation?

<p>Rotterdam criteria (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines the structure of the cervix in nulliparous women?

<p>Circular (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many follicles are required in either ovary for a diagnosis of PCOS based on ultrasound criteria?

<p>20 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone's elevated levels are typically associated with hirsutism in PCOS patients?

<p>Testosterone (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical LH to FSH ratio found in women with PCOS?

<blockquote> <p>3:1 (A)</p> </blockquote> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

CIN-1 Progression

CIN-1 can progress to CIN-3 within 5 years, requiring more vigilant monitoring, frequent Pap smears, and HPV DNA assessment.

CIN-3 Progression

CIN-3 has a risk of developing into cervical cancer (Ca cervix) within 10 years and may spontaneously regress in some cases.

Colposcopy Procedure

A procedure magnifying the cervix (15-40x) using bright light and special stains (acetic acid or Lugol's iodine) to identify abnormal cells potentially cancerous.

Cervical Cancer Biopsy

A procedure to collect tissue samples for microscopic diagnosis, crucial for distinguishing between precancerous conditions (CIN) and invasive cervical cancer.

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LEEP Procedure

Loop electrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP) is a common treatment for CIN-3, removing abnormal tissue to prevent cervical cancer.

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Corpus

The body of the uterus.

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Internal OS

The starting point or the uppermost opening of the cervix.

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Transverse Cervix

The shape of the cervix in a woman who has given birth (multiparous).

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PCOS

Polycystic Ovarian Disease, a common endocrine disorder affecting women of reproductive age.

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Rotterdam Criteria

The diagnostic criteria used to identify PCOS, based on three key factors: Anovulation, Hyperandrogenism, and USG features of PCOD.

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Study Notes

Menstrual Cycle & Ovulation Tests

  • Cervix:
    • Nulliparous women: 3.5-4 cm
    • Multiparous women: Varying size
  • Uterus (Nulliparous): 7-8 cm
  • Uterus (Multiparous): 8-10 cm
  • Short cervix: <2.5 cm
  • Fallopian Tube length: 7-12 cm
  • Vagina (Anterior fornix): 7 cm
  • Vagina (Posterior fornix): 9 cm
  • Corpus: Body of the uterus
  • Epithelium (Fallopian tube): Ciliated columnar epithelium
  • Epithelium (Uterus): Ciliated columnar epithelium
  • Early part of cervix (Anatomical Internal OS): Ciliated columnar epithelium

Importance of the Epithelium

  • Cervix (Internal OS): Columnar epithelium
  • Cervix (Transformation zone): Squamous epithelium
  • Vagina: Squamous epithelium
  • Epithelium importance in context of reproduction: Involved with hormonal changes and uterine lining

Ovary

  • Size: 3x3.5x2.5 cm
  • Volume: 3x3.5x2.5 x 5/9
  • Follicle: One dominant follicle forms every month
  • Ovarian follicles (Typical): 6-7 per month
  • Primordial follicles: 1000-10000 per month
  • Antral follicles 6-7/month

Important Information

  • Post-delivery uterus size: Never comes back to pre-pregnant size.

Medical Disorders in Pregnancy

  • Hypertension: BP >140/90 mmHg after 20 weeks of gestation
  • Pre-eclampsia: Gestational hypertension with proteinuria
  • Eclampsia: Pre-eclampsia plus tonic-clonic convulsions
  • Chronic Hypertension: Pre-existing hypertension in early pregnancy

Ovarian Tumors

  • Ages: 6-7th decade
  • Causes: Related to ovarian surface scars, early menarche, late menopause, infertility treatment, familial predisposition to cancers (breast, endometrial, ovarian)

CA Cervix

  • Screening: Pap smear is the most cost-effective method. Visual inspection under acetic acid (VIA) is also effective.
  • Dysplasia classification (using Ayre's): <1/3rd abnormal = CIN-1, >1/3rd to 2/3rd abnormal = CIN-2, and >2/3rd cells abnormal = CIN-3/Cis.
  • Significance of CIN-1: Can progress to CIN-3 in 5 years.

Endometrial Biopsy

  • Effects of progesterone: seen through detailed examination.
  • Luteal phase defect: Observed as lags of >2 days from expected changes

PCOS

  • Diagnostic criteria: Rotterdam criteria (2003) involve anovulation and hyperandrogenism, along with ultrasound features.
  • Characteristics: Multiple small follicles (2-6mm) in each ovary. Thick stroma. Increased ovarian volume (>10ml).

Infertility and Pregnancy Loss

  • Primary Amenorrhea: Absence of menstruation ever.
  • Secondary Amenorrhea: Absence of menstruation for at least three consecutive cycles.
  • Causes of primary amenorrhea: Issues with the uterus, hormonal imbalances, or medical conditions.

Important tests in Pregnancy

  • Maternal Syndrome: Poor placentation, maternal syndrome
  • Fetal: The villi should have good blood flow, otherwise it could cause HELLP syndrome.

Medical Disorders in Pregnancy

  • Chronic Hypertension: Pre-existing high blood pressure. Features of hypertension, including proteinuria and low platelets.
  • Pre-Eclampsia: High blood pressure with proteinuria in pregnancy.
  • Eclampsia: Pre-eclampsia plus convulsions.
  • HELLP syndrome: Hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelets.
  • GDM: Gestational diabetes mellitus (High glucose during pregnancy)

Types of Bleeding in Pregnancy

  • Postpartum hemorrhage (PPH): Blood loss > 500ml after vaginal delivery and > 1000ml after Cesarean section
  • Abruptio placentae: Premature separation of the placenta from the uterus. Painful bleeding, uterine tenderness. - Mechanism: Uterine wall is contracted, thus putting pressure on the blood vessels.
  • Placenta previa: Placenta covers the cervical os. Painless bleeding, often only noticed during the later stages of pregnancy (third trimester), in which case intervention is more likely.
  • Causes of PPH: Abnormal Tone (uterine atony), Trauma, Thrombin, Tissue (retained bits)

Abortion

  • Threatened abortion:Closed cervical os. Treated with rest, medication to maintain progesterone levels.
  • Inevitable abortion:A dilated cervix; treatment involves evacuation.
  • Incomplete Abortion:Partial passage of products of conception; treatment is to complete the abortion.
  • Complete abortion:Passage of all products; no further treatment needed.
  • Missed abortion:Dead fetus without discharge or bleeding; treatment is evacuation.
  • **Causes:**Chromosomal defects, uterine abnormalities, infection, trauma.

Other Complications

  • Ectopic Pregnancy: Fertilized egg implants outside the uterus, most commonly in the fallopian tube.
  • Molar Pregnancy: Abnormal placental growth with no fetus.
  • Uterine prolapse: Descent of the uterus into the vagina.
  • Fibroids: Benign tumors of the uterus.
  • Adenomyosis: endometrial tissue penetrating the uterine walls

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Description

Test your knowledge on cervical cancer, including its stages, symptoms, and treatment options. This quiz covers important information such as the regression rates of CIN-3 cases and the most common type of cervical cancer. Enhance your understanding of cervical health with these essential questions.

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