Cervical and Uterine Cancer Overview
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Questions and Answers

Cancer is confined to the ______.

cervix

The machine used for colposcopy is called a ______.

colposcope

In stage 2, cancer has spread to the cervix and ______, but hasn’t spread further.

uterus

In stage 3, cancer has moved beyond the cervix and ______.

<p>uterus</p> Signup and view all the answers

At stage 4, cancer has spread to nearby organs like the bladder or ______.

<p>rectum</p> Signup and view all the answers

A ______ biopsy involves excising a large tissue around the cervix.

<p>cold cone</p> Signup and view all the answers

Chemotherapy uses ______ to destroy cancer cells.

<p>chemicals</p> Signup and view all the answers

During a colposcopy, the patient is positioned in a ______ position.

<p>lithotomy</p> Signup and view all the answers

With the long-term use of contraceptive pills, it actually increases the sexual activity or partners wherein it does not have protective measures to have a _____ against the exposure of HPV.

<p>barrier</p> Signup and view all the answers

The bleeding is not related to the menstrual cycle but actually the bleeding that is being produced is now because of the _____ formation.

<p>tumor</p> Signup and view all the answers

Increased vaginal discharge is the normal response because the inflammation is taking place in the area that’s why vaginal discharges are increased in the form of _____ .

<p>secretions</p> Signup and view all the answers

Bleeding that occurs between regular menstrual periods is an important sign of _____ .

<p>irritation</p> Signup and view all the answers

The mere fact that they are having contraceptive pills, they feel safe of not getting pregnant but the exposure to a certain _____ is not guaranteed.

<p>virus</p> Signup and view all the answers

Since the location of the uterus and cervix is in between the pelvic cavity, the _____ will manifest in the pelvic area.

<p>pain</p> Signup and view all the answers

There is a specific range on how long an individual should only use contraceptive pills because of irritation of the area, there is a cessation of _____ .

<p>bleeding</p> Signup and view all the answers

The flavonoid-rich foods include apples, black beans, broccoli, brussels sprouts, cabbage, garlic, onions, soy, and ______.

<p>spinach</p> Signup and view all the answers

It still has something to do with _____.

<p>genetics</p> Signup and view all the answers

Folate, a water-soluble B vitamin, reduces the risk of cervical cancer in people with ______.

<p>HPV</p> Signup and view all the answers

Foods rich in folate include avocados, breads, lentils, orange juice, and ______.

<p>strawberries</p> Signup and view all the answers

Carotenoids, which are a source of vitamin A, can help prevent ______ cancer risk.

<p>cervical</p> Signup and view all the answers

Compressed nitrogen gas flows through cryoprobe making the metal cold enough to freeze and destroy the abnormal ______ tissue.

<p>cervical</p> Signup and view all the answers

If every female adheres to current HPV vaccination programs, the total number of female deaths from cervical cancer globally will drop by hundreds of ______ each year.

<p>thousands</p> Signup and view all the answers

The patient is in a ______ position during certain medical procedures.

<p>lithotomy</p> Signup and view all the answers

You can receive your HPV vaccine as early as ______ years old.

<p>25</p> Signup and view all the answers

Safe sex, monogamy, use of ______, and avoiding multiple partners.

<p>condoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cervical screening is in the form of a ______ Test or Pap Smear.

<p>Pap</p> Signup and view all the answers

It is important to ______ sexual partners as a preventive measure.

<p>limit</p> Signup and view all the answers

There is a certain age that needs to be followed before starting the ______ sexual contact.

<p>first</p> Signup and view all the answers

Smoking has a predisposing factor for carcinogenic effects due to the ______ component.

<p>nicotine</p> Signup and view all the answers

Patients with cysts in the ovary are advised to have examinations every ______ months.

<p>three</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cells in the ovary can develop cellular ______ due to certain risk factors.

<p>aberration</p> Signup and view all the answers

Early stages of ovarian concern are often ______, showing no signs or symptoms.

<p>asymptomatic</p> Signup and view all the answers

There are still no tumors inside the ______.

<p>ovaries</p> Signup and view all the answers

Sometimes there are tumor-like formations but it's not too detectable unless it has reproduction of abnormal ______.

<p>cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

The tumor is growing bigger and bigger in ______-stage cancer.

<p>late</p> Signup and view all the answers

Since this is a solid tumor, external ______ is possible and applicable.

<p>radiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

Chemotherapy will come into management because it will come to eradicate the abnormally dividing ______.

<p>cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

Inserting chemotherapy in the ______ cavity allows for better access to the ovaries.

<p>peritoneum</p> Signup and view all the answers

If the ovaries had an involvement in its adjacent organs, the procedure is called ______.

<p>TAHBSO</p> Signup and view all the answers

The management in the reproductive organs after surgery are almost the ______ because they are all close together in one area.

<p>same</p> Signup and view all the answers

The problem in ovarian cancer is that it is being detected in the later ______.

<p>stage</p> Signup and view all the answers

When the ovaries enlarge, it results in an ______ mass within the abdominal area.

<p>abdominal</p> Signup and view all the answers

Elevated tumor markers such as ______ indicate that cellular aberration is taking place.

<p>CA 125</p> Signup and view all the answers

Gastrointestinal disturbances may occur due to the effects of ______ and progesterone on mobility.

<p>estrogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

High levels of progesterone can lead to ______ in patients.

<p>constipation</p> Signup and view all the answers

Ovarian cancer assessment includes observing for ______ discomfort in the pelvic area.

<p>abdominal</p> Signup and view all the answers

A growing ______ or tumor in the ovaries can cause significant discomfort and complications.

<p>cyst</p> Signup and view all the answers

Patients with elevated tumor markers may also have abnormal protein levels produced by ______.

<p>tumors</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Irritation-related tumor

A tumor formed due to irritation in an area, potentially causing bleeding.

Contraceptive pill's effect on bleeding

Long-term use might increase bleeding that isn't related to the menstrual cycle, potentially due to tumor formation.

HPV exposure and contraceptives

Contraceptive pills might not offer protection from HPV, even though they reduce pregnancy risk.

Increased vaginal discharge

Increased vaginal discharge can be a normal response to inflammation in the area.

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Pelvic pain location

Pelvic pain is likely to occur due to the location of the uterus and cervix in the pelvic cavity.

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Intermenstrual bleeding

Bleeding between regular menstrual periods.

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Family history and medical conditions

Family history could be a factor in medical conditions.

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Cervix location

The cervix is located within the pelvic cavity.

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Colposcopy

A procedure to visualize the cervix using a colposcope, to allow for biopsy.

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Stage 2 Cervical Cancer

Cervical cancer that has spread to the uterus, but not the pelvic wall or vagina.

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Stage 3 Cervical Cancer

Cervical cancer that has spread beyond the uterus to the pelvic wall or vagina.

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LEEP Procedure

A procedure that uses an electric wire loop to remove cells from the cervix.

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Stage 4 Cervical Cancer

Cervical cancer that has spread to nearby organs or distant areas of the body.

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Cold Cone Biopsy

A procedure where a cone of tissue around the cervix is removed for examination.

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Cryosurgery

A procedure that uses freezing to destroy abnormal cervical tissue.

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HPV Vaccine

Vaccination to prevent cervical cancer caused by HPV.

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Chemotherapy

Use of chemicals to kill cancer cells by preventing their growth.

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Lihotomy position

A position used in medical procedures to allow clear visibility of the cervix.

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Folate

A B vitamin that reduces cervical cancer risk.

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Cervical Cancer

Cancer that develops in the cervix (the lower part of the uterus).

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Carotenoids

Substances that are a source of vitamin A, preventing cervical cancer risk.

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HPV

Human Papillomavirus – a virus that can cause cervical cancer.

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Lihotomy Position

A position used by a patient during certain medical procedures where the person is lying on their back with legs raised and spread.

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Flavonoid-rich foods

Foods that contain flavonoids, potentially preventing cervical cancer.

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Safe Sex Practices

Practices like monogamy, condom use, and limiting sexual partners to reduce the risk of sexually transmitted infections and unwanted pregnancies.

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Cervical Screening

Regular check-ups, like Pap tests, to detect potential cervical abnormalities.

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Limited Sexual Partners

Maintaining a smaller number of sexual partners to reduce the risk of STIs and associated health problems.

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Delayed First Sexual Intercourse

Postponing the first sexual encounter until the body and mind are adequately prepared.

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Smoking Avoidance

Reducing or eliminating smoking to decrease the risk of cancer due to nicotine.

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Ovarian Cysts and Cancer

Ovarian cysts can sometimes grow rapidly, potentially leading to cellular abnormalities that may be an indicator for cancer.

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Early stage ovarian cancer

The early stage doesn't cause symptoms.

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Advanced Stage Ovarian Cancer

The advanced stages are more dangerous, with a higher mortality rate, than those earlier diagnosed.

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Abdominal Mass

A noticeable swelling in the abdomen, often caused by an enlarged organ like the ovaries in ovarian cancer.

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Abdominal Discomfort

Pain or discomfort in the lower abdomen, possibly indicating a growing cyst or tumor in the pelvic organs.

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Gastrointestinal Disturbances

Changes in digestion, like constipation, potentially caused by hormonal changes associated with ovarian cancer.

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Elevated Tumor Markers

High levels of specific proteins in the blood, like CA 125, that can indicate the presence of cancer.

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What is CA 125?

A tumor marker, a protein whose levels in the blood can be elevated in ovarian cancer, suggesting the presence of cancerous cells.

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Late Stage Detection in Ovarian Cancer

Ovarian cancer often goes undetected until later stages due to the location of the ovaries and lack of noticeable early symptoms.

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Progesterone's Role in Constipation

High levels of progesterone can affect gastrointestinal mobility, leading to constipation, especially during pregnancy.

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Early Detection of Ovarian Cancer

Early detection is crucial for successful treatment of ovarian cancer. Knowing the signs and undergoing regular checkups can help.

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Healthy Ovaries

Ovaries without tumors or abnormal cell reproduction. Tumors, if present, are small and not easily detected.

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Late-Stage Ovarian Cancer

Tumor is growing larger and may be more easily detectable.

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External Radiation

A treatment option for solid tumors where radiation is directed at the tumor from outside the body.

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Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy

Delivery of chemotherapy directly into the abdominal cavity to target the ovaries more effectively.

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TAHBSO (Total Abdominal Hysterectomy Bilateral Salpingo-Oophorectomy)

Surgical removal of the uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovaries. Used when the ovaries are involved with adjacent organs.

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Tumor Debulking

Procedure to remove as much of the tumor as possible before other treatments like radiation or chemotherapy.

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Study Notes

Endometrial Uterine, Cervical, and Ovarian Cancer

  • Endometrial Uterine Cancer:

    • Introduction: Pear-shaped organ within the female reproductive system, where fertilized eggs implant. Provides nourishment and environment for the growing fetus.
    • Risk Factors: Estrogen Replacement Therapy (ERT) prolongs estrogen exposure. Nulliparity (never given birth). Polycystic Ovary Disease (increased hormone production). Increased age is a non-modifiable risk factor. Late menopause results in prolonged estrogen exposure. Family history of uterine cancer and obesity are genetic risk factors.
    • Assessment: Abnormal bleeding (unplanned/unexpected), vaginal discharges (abnormal colors/odors). Low back, pelvic, or abdominal pain.
  • Cervical Cancer:

    • Introduction: Third most common cancer in women worldwide.
    • Causes: Human Papillomavirus (HPV) infection.
    • Risk Factors: Smoking (carcinogenic nicotine). Weakened immune system makes individuals susceptible to viruses like HPV. Multiple pregnancies increase exposure risk.
    • Signs and Symptoms: Abnormal bleeding between periods. Bleeding after sexual intercourse, douching, or pelvic exam. Bleeding after menopause. Increased vaginal discharge. Pelvic pain.
  • Ovarian Cancer:

    • Introduction: Develops in the ovaries (female reproductive glands).
    • Risk Factors: White women and those ages 55-65 are more likely. Geographic location (North America, Europe).
    • Diagnosis: Exploratory laparotomy (surgical incision in the abdominal cavity).
  • General Treatment/Management:

    • Non-Surgical Interventions: External or internal radiation (for solid tumors). Chemotherapy. Progesterone therapy (for estrogen-dependent tumors). Tamoxifen (anti-estrogen).
    • Surgical Interventions: Radical hysterectomy; total abdominal hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy (TAHBSO); partial or total hysterectomy.
    • Nursing Interventions: Pre-op: provide education on cancer stage, treatment options, and side effects of radiation/chemotherapy. Post-op: monitor for shock, internal/external bleeding (hemorrhage). Hemorrhage is more common after vaginal hysterectomy. Encourage ambulation. Monitor hydration needs, stool characteristics/frequency (bowel issues). Encourage fluids/IV hydration.
    • Dietary Management: Eat fruits/vegetables high in flavonoids (protection against cancer), folate (reduces cervical cancer risk), carotenoids (vitamin A, for reducing cervical cancer risk).
    • Prevention: Safe sex practices (one partner, condoms). Cervical screening (Pap smear). Have few sexual partners. Delay first sexual intercourse. Don't smoke. Maintain a healthy weight. Exercise. HPV vaccination.

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Description

This quiz covers critical information about endometrial uterine cancer and cervical cancer, including their definitions, risk factors, and assessment methods. Understand the impact of estrogen, HPV, and other influences on these cancers. Equip yourself with knowledge essential for women's health.

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