Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the percentage of the body weight that is comprised of the brain?
What is the percentage of the body weight that is comprised of the brain?
What is the percentage of total oxygen consumption by the brain?
What is the percentage of total oxygen consumption by the brain?
What is the ranking of cerebrovascular diseases as a cause of death?
What is the ranking of cerebrovascular diseases as a cause of death?
How many primary arteries supply the brain?
How many primary arteries supply the brain?
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What is the location of the Circle of Willis?
What is the location of the Circle of Willis?
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What is the function of the posterior communicating artery?
What is the function of the posterior communicating artery?
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Which branch of the vertebral artery is the first intracranial branch?
Which branch of the vertebral artery is the first intracranial branch?
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What is the origin of the posterior inferior cerebellar artery?
What is the origin of the posterior inferior cerebellar artery?
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What is the origin of the anterior spinal artery?
What is the origin of the anterior spinal artery?
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What is the path of the anterior-inferior cerebellar artery (AICA)?
What is the path of the anterior-inferior cerebellar artery (AICA)?
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Where does the labyrinthine artery originate from?
Where does the labyrinthine artery originate from?
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What is the path of the posterior cerebral artery?
What is the path of the posterior cerebral artery?
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What is the origin of the ophthalmic artery?
What is the origin of the ophthalmic artery?
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What is the path of the anterior choroidal artery?
What is the path of the anterior choroidal artery?
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Which artery is most susceptible to thrombosis?
Which artery is most susceptible to thrombosis?
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What is the path of the basilar artery?
What is the path of the basilar artery?
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What is the circle of Willis?
What is the circle of Willis?
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Which branch of the vertebral artery unites with its opposite side to form a single median trunk along the spinal cord's anterior longitudinal fissure?
Which branch of the vertebral artery unites with its opposite side to form a single median trunk along the spinal cord's anterior longitudinal fissure?
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What is the primary function of the meningeal branches?
What is the primary function of the meningeal branches?
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Which artery accompanies the vestibulocochlear nerve and supplies the internal ear?
Which artery accompanies the vestibulocochlear nerve and supplies the internal ear?
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What is the path of the anterior cerebral artery?
What is the path of the anterior cerebral artery?
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Which artery is susceptible to thrombosis and is referred to as the 'artery of cerebral thrombosis'?
Which artery is susceptible to thrombosis and is referred to as the 'artery of cerebral thrombosis'?
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What is the origin of the posterior spinal artery?
What is the origin of the posterior spinal artery?
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Which artery supplies the midbrain, temporal lobe, and occipital pole?
Which artery supplies the midbrain, temporal lobe, and occipital pole?
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What is the path of the ophthalmic artery?
What is the path of the ophthalmic artery?
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Which artery supplies the frontal, parietal, and temporal lobes?
Which artery supplies the frontal, parietal, and temporal lobes?
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What is the termination of the basilar artery?
What is the termination of the basilar artery?
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What is the primary source of energy for the brain?
What is the primary source of energy for the brain?
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What percentage of cardiac output is received by the brain?
What percentage of cardiac output is received by the brain?
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What is the consequence of a lesion in the posterior cerebral artery?
What is the consequence of a lesion in the posterior cerebral artery?
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What is the function of the anterior communicating artery?
What is the function of the anterior communicating artery?
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What is the consequence of a blockage in the basilar artery?
What is the consequence of a blockage in the basilar artery?
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What is the significance of the Circle of Willis?
What is the significance of the Circle of Willis?
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What is the branching pattern of the posterior spinal artery?
What is the branching pattern of the posterior spinal artery?
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What is the relationship between the right and left vertebral arteries in the Circle of Willis?
What is the relationship between the right and left vertebral arteries in the Circle of Willis?
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What is the effect of minimal mixing of blood streams in the Circle of Willis?
What is the effect of minimal mixing of blood streams in the Circle of Willis?
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What is the origin of the posterior inferior cerebellar artery?
What is the origin of the posterior inferior cerebellar artery?
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Study Notes
Metabolic Activity of the Brain
- High metabolic rate with aerobic metabolism of glucose
- 2% of body weight, receives 20% of cardiac output, consumes 20% of total O2
Cerebrovascular Diseases
- Thrombosis, embolism, hemorrhage; 3rd most common cause of death
- Symptoms depend on lesion site
Arteries of the Brain
- Primary arteries: 2 vertebral arteries, 2 internal carotid arteries
Vertebral Arteries
- Enter skull via foramen magnum, unite at pons to form basilar artery, which divides into posterior cerebral arteries
Internal Carotid Arteries
- Enter cranial cavity via carotid canal and foramen lacerum, course through cavernous sinus, end lateral to optic chiasma dividing into middle and anterior cerebral arteries
Circle of Willis (Circulus Arteriosus)
- Formation: anterior communicating artery, anterior cerebral arteries, basilar artery dividing into posterior cerebral arteries, and posterior communicating arteries connecting internal carotid with posterior cerebral arteries
- Location: interpeduncular subarachnoid cistern
- Function: provides collateral circulation if a major artery is blocked
Blood Stream Mixing
- Minimal mixing between vertebral arteries in basilar artery, anterior cerebral arteries in anterior communicating artery, and internal carotid and posterior cerebral arteries in posterior communicating artery
- Supply: right brain by right vertebral and internal carotid arteries; left brain by left vertebral and internal carotid arteries
Collateral Circulation
- Circle of Willis offers alternative routes if blockage occurs
Branches of Vertebral Artery
- Posterior spinal artery: first intracranial branch, originates from vertebral artery or posterior inferior cerebellar artery, descends on spinal cord's posterior surface
- Posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA): largest branch, originates near lower end of olive, winds around medulla oblongata, ascends to pontomedullary junction
- Anterior spinal artery: small branch, originates near vertebral artery termination, descends in front of medulla, unites with opposite side to form a single median trunk along spinal cord's anterior longitudinal fissure
- Meningeal branches: small, supply dura mater of posterior cranial fossa
- Medullary arteries: minute vessels, supply medulla oblongata
Branches of Basilar Artery
- Pontine branches: numerous, short, paramedian vessels, supply pons
- Anterior-inferior cerebellar artery (AICA): originates close to lower pons border, runs ventral to 7th and 8th cranial nerves, loops over flocculus, enters internal acoustic meatus, supplies anterolateral inferior cerebellum
- Labyrinthine artery: long, slender, originates from basilar artery or AICA, accompanies vestibulocochlear nerve, enters internal auditory meatus, supplies internal ear
- Superior cerebellar artery: originates close to superior pons border, runs below oculomotor nerve, around cerebral peduncle, below trochlear nerve, supplies superior cerebellum
- Posterior cerebral artery: originates close to superior pons border, runs along superior pons border, around midbrain, to medial cerebral hemisphere under corpus callosum splenium, supplies midbrain, temporal lobe, occipital pole
Branches of Internal Carotid Artery
- Ophthalmic artery: originates from internal carotid artery after exiting cavernous sinus, runs in a U-shaped bend, enters orbit via optic canal, supplies orbit structures, eyeball
- Posterior communicating artery: originates close to internal carotid artery termination, runs backwards, anastomoses with posterior cerebral artery
- Anterior choroidal artery: long, slender, originates distal to posterior communicating artery, runs along optic tract, into lateral ventricle's inferior horn, ends in choroid plexus, susceptible to thrombosis
- Anterior cerebral artery: smaller terminal branch, runs forwards, medially above optic nerve, close to opposite side artery, joined by anterior communicating artery, around corpus callosum genu, supplies medial frontal lobe, orbital surface, medial hemispheres above corpus callosum to parieto-occipital sulcus
- Middle cerebral artery: larger terminal branch, runs lateral in lateral sulcus, backwards and upwards in posterior ramus, divides into frontal, parietal, temporal branches, supplies frontal, parietal, temporal lobes, most susceptible to thrombosis
Metabolic Activity of the Brain
- High metabolic rate with aerobic metabolism of glucose
- 2% of body weight, receives 20% of cardiac output, consumes 20% of total O2
Cerebrovascular Diseases
- Thrombosis, embolism, hemorrhage; 3rd most common cause of death
- Symptoms depend on lesion site
Arteries of the Brain
- Primary arteries: 2 vertebral arteries, 2 internal carotid arteries
Vertebral Arteries
- Enter skull via foramen magnum, unite at pons to form basilar artery, which divides into posterior cerebral arteries
Internal Carotid Arteries
- Enter cranial cavity via carotid canal and foramen lacerum, course through cavernous sinus, end lateral to optic chiasma dividing into middle and anterior cerebral arteries
Circle of Willis (Circulus Arteriosus)
- Formation: anterior communicating artery, anterior cerebral arteries, basilar artery dividing into posterior cerebral arteries, and posterior communicating arteries connecting internal carotid with posterior cerebral arteries
- Location: interpeduncular subarachnoid cistern
- Function: provides collateral circulation if a major artery is blocked
Blood Stream Mixing
- Minimal mixing between vertebral arteries in basilar artery, anterior cerebral arteries in anterior communicating artery, and internal carotid and posterior cerebral arteries in posterior communicating artery
- Supply: right brain by right vertebral and internal carotid arteries; left brain by left vertebral and internal carotid arteries
Collateral Circulation
- Circle of Willis offers alternative routes if blockage occurs
Branches of Vertebral Artery
- Posterior spinal artery: first intracranial branch, originates from vertebral artery or posterior inferior cerebellar artery, descends on spinal cord's posterior surface
- Posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA): largest branch, originates near lower end of olive, winds around medulla oblongata, ascends to pontomedullary junction
- Anterior spinal artery: small branch, originates near vertebral artery termination, descends in front of medulla, unites with opposite side to form a single median trunk along spinal cord's anterior longitudinal fissure
- Meningeal branches: small, supply dura mater of posterior cranial fossa
- Medullary arteries: minute vessels, supply medulla oblongata
Branches of Basilar Artery
- Pontine branches: numerous, short, paramedian vessels, supply pons
- Anterior-inferior cerebellar artery (AICA): originates close to lower pons border, runs ventral to 7th and 8th cranial nerves, loops over flocculus, enters internal acoustic meatus, supplies anterolateral inferior cerebellum
- Labyrinthine artery: long, slender, originates from basilar artery or AICA, accompanies vestibulocochlear nerve, enters internal auditory meatus, supplies internal ear
- Superior cerebellar artery: originates close to superior pons border, runs below oculomotor nerve, around cerebral peduncle, below trochlear nerve, supplies superior cerebellum
- Posterior cerebral artery: originates close to superior pons border, runs along superior pons border, around midbrain, to medial cerebral hemisphere under corpus callosum splenium, supplies midbrain, temporal lobe, occipital pole
Branches of Internal Carotid Artery
- Ophthalmic artery: originates from internal carotid artery after exiting cavernous sinus, runs in a U-shaped bend, enters orbit via optic canal, supplies orbit structures, eyeball
- Posterior communicating artery: originates close to internal carotid artery termination, runs backwards, anastomoses with posterior cerebral artery
- Anterior choroidal artery: long, slender, originates distal to posterior communicating artery, runs along optic tract, into lateral ventricle's inferior horn, ends in choroid plexus, susceptible to thrombosis
- Anterior cerebral artery: smaller terminal branch, runs forwards, medially above optic nerve, close to opposite side artery, joined by anterior communicating artery, around corpus callosum genu, supplies medial frontal lobe, orbital surface, medial hemispheres above corpus callosum to parieto-occipital sulcus
- Middle cerebral artery: larger terminal branch, runs lateral in lateral sulcus, backwards and upwards in posterior ramus, divides into frontal, parietal, temporal branches, supplies frontal, parietal, temporal lobes, most susceptible to thrombosis
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Description
This quiz covers the cerebrovascular system, including the arteries of the brain, and metabolic activity, including glucose metabolism and oxygen consumption.
