Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which condition is primarily associated with difficulty swallowing?
Which condition is primarily associated with difficulty swallowing?
What is a common feature of right hemisphere communication impairments?
What is a common feature of right hemisphere communication impairments?
What type of stroke accounts for 20% of all strokes and is caused by bleeding into the brain tissue?
What type of stroke accounts for 20% of all strokes and is caused by bleeding into the brain tissue?
Which therapy is used to prevent blood clots and includes medications such as heparin?
Which therapy is used to prevent blood clots and includes medications such as heparin?
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What is characterized by an impairment of purposeful movements due to voluntary muscle disorder?
What is characterized by an impairment of purposeful movements due to voluntary muscle disorder?
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Which of the following is a nonmodifiable risk factor for cerebrovascular disorders?
Which of the following is a nonmodifiable risk factor for cerebrovascular disorders?
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What percentage of strokes are classified as ischemic?
What percentage of strokes are classified as ischemic?
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What is a common cause of small penetrating artery thrombosis in the context of ischemic strokes?
What is a common cause of small penetrating artery thrombosis in the context of ischemic strokes?
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Which of the following best describes a transient ischemic attack (TIA)?
Which of the following best describes a transient ischemic attack (TIA)?
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Which of the following is NOT a manifestation of ischemic stroke?
Which of the following is NOT a manifestation of ischemic stroke?
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What typically causes a cardiogenic embolism leading to ischemic stroke?
What typically causes a cardiogenic embolism leading to ischemic stroke?
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Which condition is characterized by difficulty swallowing after a stroke?
Which condition is characterized by difficulty swallowing after a stroke?
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Which of the following factors is NOT considered a modifiable risk factor for stroke?
Which of the following factors is NOT considered a modifiable risk factor for stroke?
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Study Notes
Cerebrovascular Disorders (CVAs)
- CVAs are functional abnormalities of the central nervous system (CNS) caused by disrupted blood supply.
- Types:
- Ischemic (80%): Blockage of blood flow. Peak recovery at 6 months.
- Hemorrhagic (20%): Bleeding. Peak recovery at 18 months.
Ischemic Stroke
- Sudden loss of brain function due to impaired blood flow.
- Causes:
- Large artery thrombosis: Plaque buildup (4.5-hour window for clot-busting therapy).
- Small penetrating artery thrombosis (lacunar): Most common, often due to hypertension.
- Cardiogenic embolism: Often from atrial fibrillation (anticoagulants used).
- Cryptogenic: Unknown cause.
- Other: Drug use, migraines.
- Manifestations (Symptoms vary by location & severity):
- Numbness/weakness (face, arm, leg, especially one side).
- Confusion/mental status changes (frontal lobe).
- Sudden, severe headache (common).
Stroke Effects
-
Language Impairments:
- Aphasia: Understanding or producing speech.
- Expressive (Broca's): Unable to form words.
- Receptive (Wernicke's): Unable to understand spoken/written words.
- Global/Mixed: Both.
- Aphasia: Understanding or producing speech.
-
Other Impairments:
- Apraxia: Impaired purposeful movement.
- Dysarthria: Difficulty speaking.
- Hemianopia: Loss of half the visual field.
- Hemiplegia/hemiparesis: Paralysis/weakness of half the body.
- Dysphagia: Difficulty swallowing.
- Agnosia: Difficulty recognizing familiar objects.
Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA)
- Temporary neurological deficit from temporary blood flow impairment.
- Warning sign of impending stroke.
- Similar symptoms to stroke, lasting less than an hour.
- Differentiated from stroke by CT scan.
Risk Factors
- Nonmodifiable: Age (≥55), sex (male), ethnicity (Hispanic, African, South Asian, First Nations, Métis, Inuit).
- Modifiable: Hypertension, cardiovascular disease, high cholesterol/hematocrit, obesity, diabetes, oral contraceptive use, smoking, drug/alcohol use, periodontal disease.
Stroke Treatment
- Carotid endarterectomy: Surgical plaque removal.
- Anticoagulant therapy: e.g., heparin (for conditions like atrial fibrillation).
- Antiplatelet therapy: e.g., aspirin.
- Thrombolytic therapy (tPA): Clot-busting treatment (criteria apply).
Hemorrhagic Stroke
- Bleeding into brain tissue, ventricles, or subarachnoid space.
- 20% of strokes.
- Typically caused by spontaneous rupture of small vessels, often related to uncontrolled hypertension.
- No clot-busting treatment available.
Additional Stroke-Related Terms
- Flaccidity: Absence of muscle tone.
- Spasticity: Increased muscle tone, exaggerated reflexes.
- Subluxed shoulder: Dislocated shoulder. Support the affected arm.
- Deconditioning: Muscle wasting, cognitive decline.
Question Answer
- Non-modifiable risk factor for strokes: Race/ethnicity.
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Description
This quiz covers the fundamentals of cerebrovascular disorders (CVAs), including the types of strokes, causes, and effects on brain function. Learn about ischemic and hemorrhagic strokes, their symptoms, and recovery timelines. Test your knowledge on the critical aspects of strokes and their impact on individuals.
