Cerebrovascular Disorders Overview
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Questions and Answers

Which condition is primarily associated with difficulty swallowing?

  • Dysphagia (correct)
  • Aphasia
  • Spasticity
  • Apraxia

    • What is a common feature of right hemisphere communication impairments?

  • Difficulty detecting sarcasm (correct)
  • Inability to understand written language
  • Loss of all language abilities
  • Cannot express through spoken language

    • What type of stroke accounts for 20% of all strokes and is caused by bleeding into the brain tissue?

  • Transient ischemic attack
  • Ischemic stroke
  • Hemorrhagic stroke (correct)
  • Embolic stroke

    • Which therapy is used to prevent blood clots and includes medications such as heparin?

    <p>Anticoagulant therapy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is characterized by an impairment of purposeful movements due to voluntary muscle disorder?

    <p>Apraxia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a nonmodifiable risk factor for cerebrovascular disorders?

    <p>Age over 55 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of strokes are classified as ischemic?

    <p>80% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common cause of small penetrating artery thrombosis in the context of ischemic strokes?

    <p>Hypertension (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes a transient ischemic attack (TIA)?

    <p>A temporary neurological deficit lasting less than an hour (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a manifestation of ischemic stroke?

    <p>Tachycardia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What typically causes a cardiogenic embolism leading to ischemic stroke?

    <p>Atrial fibrillation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is characterized by difficulty swallowing after a stroke?

    <p>Dysphagia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors is NOT considered a modifiable risk factor for stroke?

    <p>Age (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Ischemic Stroke

    A type of stroke caused by a blocked blood vessel in the brain.

    Hemorrhagic Stroke

    A type of stroke caused by bleeding in the brain.

    Aphasia (receptive)

    Difficulty understanding language.

    Non-modifiable Stroke Risk Factor

    A risk factor for stroke that cannot be changed, like age or ethnicity.

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    Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA)

    Temporary loss of blood flow to the brain. A warning sign of a possible stroke.

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    Large Artery Thrombosis

    Stroke caused by a blood clot blocking a large blood vessel in the brain.

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    Modifiable Risk Factor

    A stroke risk factor you can change, e.g. blood pressure.

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    Cardiogenic Embolism

    Stroke caused by a blood clot traveling from another part of the body to the brain.

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    Hemorrhagic Stroke Cause

    Bleeding into the brain tissue, ventricles, or subarachnoid space, often due to uncontrolled high blood pressure.

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    Dysarthria Definition

    Difficulty speaking due to paralysis of the muscles responsible for speech.

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    Spasticity Definition

    Increased muscle tone with exaggerated reflexes.

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    Broca's Aphasia

    Understanding language but unable to communicate.

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    Deconditioning

    Muscle wasting and cognitive decline.

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    Study Notes

    Cerebrovascular Disorders (CVAs)

    • CVAs are functional abnormalities of the central nervous system (CNS) caused by disrupted blood supply.
    • Types:
      • Ischemic (80%): Blockage of blood flow. Peak recovery at 6 months.
      • Hemorrhagic (20%): Bleeding. Peak recovery at 18 months.

    Ischemic Stroke

    • Sudden loss of brain function due to impaired blood flow.
    • Causes:
      • Large artery thrombosis: Plaque buildup (4.5-hour window for clot-busting therapy).
      • Small penetrating artery thrombosis (lacunar): Most common, often due to hypertension.
      • Cardiogenic embolism: Often from atrial fibrillation (anticoagulants used).
      • Cryptogenic: Unknown cause.
      • Other: Drug use, migraines.
    • Manifestations (Symptoms vary by location & severity):
      • Numbness/weakness (face, arm, leg, especially one side).
      • Confusion/mental status changes (frontal lobe).
      • Sudden, severe headache (common).

    Stroke Effects

    • Language Impairments:
      • Aphasia: Understanding or producing speech.
        • Expressive (Broca's): Unable to form words.
        • Receptive (Wernicke's): Unable to understand spoken/written words.
        • Global/Mixed: Both.
    • Other Impairments:
      • Apraxia: Impaired purposeful movement.
      • Dysarthria: Difficulty speaking.
      • Hemianopia: Loss of half the visual field.
      • Hemiplegia/hemiparesis: Paralysis/weakness of half the body.
      • Dysphagia: Difficulty swallowing.
      • Agnosia: Difficulty recognizing familiar objects.

    Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA)

    • Temporary neurological deficit from temporary blood flow impairment.
    • Warning sign of impending stroke.
    • Similar symptoms to stroke, lasting less than an hour.
    • Differentiated from stroke by CT scan.

    Risk Factors

    • Nonmodifiable: Age (≥55), sex (male), ethnicity (Hispanic, African, South Asian, First Nations, Métis, Inuit).
    • Modifiable: Hypertension, cardiovascular disease, high cholesterol/hematocrit, obesity, diabetes, oral contraceptive use, smoking, drug/alcohol use, periodontal disease.

    Stroke Treatment

    • Carotid endarterectomy: Surgical plaque removal.
    • Anticoagulant therapy: e.g., heparin (for conditions like atrial fibrillation).
    • Antiplatelet therapy: e.g., aspirin.
    • Thrombolytic therapy (tPA): Clot-busting treatment (criteria apply).

    Hemorrhagic Stroke

    • Bleeding into brain tissue, ventricles, or subarachnoid space.
    • 20% of strokes.
    • Typically caused by spontaneous rupture of small vessels, often related to uncontrolled hypertension.
    • No clot-busting treatment available.
    • Flaccidity: Absence of muscle tone.
    • Spasticity: Increased muscle tone, exaggerated reflexes.
    • Subluxed shoulder: Dislocated shoulder. Support the affected arm.
    • Deconditioning: Muscle wasting, cognitive decline.

    Question Answer

    • Non-modifiable risk factor for strokes: Race/ethnicity.

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    Description

    This quiz covers the fundamentals of cerebrovascular disorders (CVAs), including the types of strokes, causes, and effects on brain function. Learn about ischemic and hemorrhagic strokes, their symptoms, and recovery timelines. Test your knowledge on the critical aspects of strokes and their impact on individuals.

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